Treatment evolution in spinal muscular atrophy: insights from the SMArtCARE registry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Real-world treatments for 5q-spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) have evolved rapidly following the sequential approval of three disease-modifying treatments (DMTs): nusinersen, onasemnogene abeparvovec and risdiplam. The aim of this study was to map the sequence and timing of SMA treatments accurately using the SMArtCARE registry, a disease-specific registry for patients with SMA across 84 participating centres in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. All patients registered in SMArtCARE were included in the analysis. Patients were grouped based on their treatment regimen: those who remained on the first DMT versus those who switched DMT. The impacts of clinical and genetic factors on treatment decisions were evaluated, including age at initiation of treatment, SMN2 copy number, motor function status, the need for ventilator support or tube feeding, and the presence of scoliosis. A total of 2140 patients were included. Of these, 1294 patients (60.5%) initiated treatment with nusinersen, 514 patients (24.0%) with risdiplam and 243 patients (11.4%) with onasemnogene abeparvovec. Overall, 1366 patients (63.8%) remained on the first DMT. Most treatment switches occurred shortly after approval of a new DMT. Notably, most patients who switched showed no change in motor milestone status between the start of the first and the second DMT. In this large real-world cohort, we present the first comprehensive analysis of SMA treatment patterns across all age groups and disease severities. Although most patients remained on the first DMT, switches were observed, mainly after DMT approvals. Decisions to switch appear multifactorial and are not related directly to motor function effectiveness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".