Navigating the Arctic Circle with Starlink and OneWeb LEO Satellites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The exploitation of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite signals of opportunity from the Starlink and OneWeb constellations for maritime navigation in the Arctic Circle is investigated. First, the current geopolitical importance of the Arctic Circle is discussed. Second, the received signal from LEO constellations is modeled, and a software-defined receiver is implemented to extract Doppler frequency measurements from overhead LEO satellites. Third, an extended Kalman filter (EKF) is designed to fuse Starlink and OneWeb Doppler measurements with altimeter data, assuming a velocity random walk dynamics for the ship. Experimental results are presented of the Adventure Canada ship navigating along the west coast of Greenland over a trajectory of 8.17 km traversed in 20 minutes, where the altimeter-only two-dimensional (2D) position root-mean squared error (RMSE) was 629 m and the final error was 1,081 m. However, fusing altimeter data with Doppler measurements from 12 Starlink and 9 OneWeb satellites dramatically reduced the 2D position RMSE to 119 m and the final error to 27 m.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".