Phylogenetic relationships among<i>Secale</i>species revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphisms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) data were utilized to analyze the phylogenetic relationships among 29 accessions representing 14 of the most commonly recognized ranked species or subspecies in the genus Secale. We observed 789 AFLP markers of 1130 fragments utilizing 18 P-/M- and E-/M- primer combinations. All polymorphic fragments were used to construct phenetic and phylogenetic trees. The resulting phenogram and cladogram had similar tree topologies. Cluster analysis showed that Secale sylvestre was the most distantly related to all other ryes. Annual forms were grouped together, and the perennial forms appeared more closely related to each other. This suggested that life cycle could have played an important role in determining the relationships among Secale species. Secale sylvestre was considered to be the most ancient species, whereas Secale cereale was the most recently evolved species. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis clearly separated all Secale species into only 3 major species groups, within the genus Secale: S. sylvestre, Secale montanum (syn. Secale strictum) for perennial forms, and S. cereale for annual forms. This study demonstrated that the AFLP approach is a useful tool for discriminating species differences, and also gave a much better resolution in discerning genetic relationships among Secale species as compared with previous studies using other approaches.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".