When and how to disclose AI use in academic publishing: AMEE Guide No.192
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) tools are increasingly integrated into research and academic writing, offering opportunities to streamline workflows and increase productivity. However, these tools also introduce risks when used uncritically, unethically, or without transparency. In particular, the undisclosed use of GenAI, now widely documented, may compromise research integrity. The aim of this AMEE Guide is to provide researchers with practical guidance on when and how to disclose the use of GenAI in scholarly writing. Specifically, we propose a clear framework to promote ethical GenAI use and reporting practices in health professions education research. We start with an exploration of key aspects of responsible use of GenAI in publishing (e.g. authorship, verification and responsibility, plagiarism and bias, data privacy and confidentiality, journal requirements). We then address the importance of transparency about GenAI use in research production, both within research teams (internal disclosure) and to journals and readers (external disclosure). With respect to the latter, we highlight the need to be aware of journal-specific guidance and offer guiding principles for effective disclosure. Central to these principles is the call for scholars to provide a candid description of how GenAI was used, allowing readers to understand how the model shaped the research and writing processes. We also briefly consider the use and disclosure of GenAI in peer review. Given that, at the time of writing this Guide (November 2025), many questions remain regarding AI use and disclosure for publishing, we conclude with reflections on future developments and directions for research.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".