The field’s boundary is not a line. It is a region.

Supplementary file of an umbrella review of physical activity and nutrition interventions for mobility in older adults; the parent work answers a health question.

This is supplementary material for a clinical umbrella review rather than research about synthesis methods.

Supplementary file to an umbrella review of mobility interventions; health synthesis answering a practice question.

Supplementary file of a paper developing an mHealth adoption instrument for health workers; health informatics measurement, not research-on-research.

The record is only an additional file for a healthcare instrument and does not show that research itself is the object.

Supplementary additional file only; parent mHealth instrument concerns clinical technology adoption, not research.

Systematic review of how learning health systems are implemented and evaluated; the object is health system practice rather than research practice, though evidence use makes it a boundary case.

The review studies implementation of learning health systems for healthcare delivery, not research practice itself.

Systematic review of learning health system implementation in care delivery; uses synthesis methods to answer a health-systems question.

French-language discussion of nuclear safety versus productivity in the nuclear power industry; an industrial policy topic, not research.

It discusses nuclear-safety and productivity management, not research itself.

Nuclear-industry safety vs productivity commentary; energy/industry policy, not research systems.

Figshare figure comparing size selectivity curves of two fishing codends; 'selectivity' here is fishing gear selectivity, a domain quantity, not a research-practice object.

This research data object presents fishery codend selectivity results, not a study of research practice.

Fisheries gear selectivity figure for redfish codends; domain applied science.

Preprint titled only 'Manuscript of results' with no abstract; nothing indicates research itself is the object, but the payload is too thin to judge.

The title does not establish that this manuscript studies research itself, and the abstract is missing.

Opaque title and missing abstract under maternal/neonatal topic; insufficient evidence of metaresearch content.

Economic costing of irrigation induced soil salinization; a domain question in agricultural economics.

The study estimates economic costs of soil salinization in an irrigation project.

Economic analysis of irrigation-induced soil salinization in India; domain agricultural economics, not metaresearch.

Global fire-weather projection dataset; a domain climate data product, not research infrastructure studied as an object.

This presents a fire-weather dataset for climate and wildfire applications, not research as its object.

Climate/fire-weather projection dataset product; not a study of research, scholarly infrastructure, or science as a system.

Spam PDF-download posting deposited in a repository; not research.

The record is a document-download entry about an aviation performance manual.

Spam download landing page for an ICAO document, not metaresearch.

Statistics Canada dataset on provincial culture expenditures; Canadian but not about the research system.

The dataset contains Canadian cultural and broadcasting statistics, not research about research.

StatCan culture and broadcasting expenditure dataset product; Canadian statistics on culture industries, not the research system.

Statistics Canada construction investment data file; an economic statistics artifact, not a study of the research system.

The dataset provides Canadian construction statistics and does not study the Canadian research system.

Statistics Canada residential construction investment data extract; socioeconomic statistics, not research as object.

Mendelian randomization study of blood metabolites and asthma; a method is used to answer a biomedical question, not studied.

It uses Mendelian randomization to study asthma biology, not research practice.

Bidirectional MR of blood metabolites and asthma is domain biomedical etiology, not a study of research practice.

Archival postcard image of a Vancouver hospital courtyard; a digitized heritage item, not a study.

This is a postcard image of a hospital courtyard, not a study of research.

Archival postcard image of a Vancouver hospital courtyard; not research content.

Dataset summarizing online comments on news articles about presumed consent for organ donation; the object is public discourse, not research.

The dataset records online commentary about presumed consent in Nova Scotia, not research practice.

Dataset summarizing public online comments on organ-donation policy; public opinion data, not metaresearch.

Clinical study correlating sleep structure with cognitive impairment in early Alzheimer's disease.

It studies sleep structure and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease, not research itself.

Clinical correlation of sleep architecture and cognition in early Alzheimer disease.

Primary linguistic data: an audio word list in Southern Raglai; language documentation data, not a study of research.

The record presents linguistic data about Southern Raglai rather than studying research itself.

Linguistic word-list recording resource, domain language documentation not metaresearch.

Canine genetics dissertation on markers for cruciate ligament rupture, polyneuropathy, and welfare; the object is animal genetics.

The dissertation studies genetic markers and welfare traits in dogs, not research practice.

Veterinary genetics dissertation on canine disease markers; domain biology, not research practice.

Markov decision-analytic model of delaying kidney transplant for COVID vaccination; uses a modeling method to answer a clinical question in Canada, and the Canadian research system is not the object.

The decision analysis concerns kidney-transplant timing during COVID-19, not research practice.

Clinical decision model of transplant timing versus COVID vaccination for Canadian patients, not research practice.

Cosmology talk on observing the redshifted 21-cm line; an astrophysics topic.

It is an astronomy presentation about the cosmos, not research itself.

Astronomy on the redshifted 21-cm line; domain cosmology, not metaresearch.

Spam film-streaming deposit; not research.

This is promotional streaming content about an animated film and is unrelated to research.

Spam streaming/download page for an animated film, not scholarly metaresearch content.

Deposited figure caption from a bryozoan taxonomy paper; invertebrate systematics.

This is a figure associated with a zoological species study and does not study research practice.

Figure caption supplementary material for a bryozoan taxonomy paper; domain biology.

US house price index statistical dataset; not about research.

This is a housing-price dataset, not a study of research or its infrastructure.

Housing price index statistical dataset documentation; not about research.

Supplementary search-strategy file attached to a clinical practice guideline for physiotherapy in epidermolysis bullosa; the parent object is clinical care.

It is a supplementary search-strategy file for a clinical guideline, not a study of evidence-synthesis practice.

Supplementary search terms file for a clinical physiotherapy guideline; clinical care, not metaresearch.

Supplementary file of a clinical systematic review and meta-analysis on the triglyceride-glucose index and sleep apnea; the parent work answers a clinical question.

This is supplementary material for a clinical meta-analysis, not a study of evidence synthesis.

Supplementary tables for a clinical systematic review and meta-analysis on sleep apnea, not a study of synthesis methods.

Paleontological redescription of a Devonian placoderm and its taxonomic affinities.

It revises the taxonomy and phylogeny of a fossil placoderm, not research itself.

Paleontological redescription and phylogeny of a Devonian placoderm; domain taxonomy.

No abstract and an opaque repository title; nothing indicates research as the object.

The abstract is missing and the title alone does not show that the work concerns research itself.

Title and empty abstract do not establish any object of study related to research practice.

GBIF species occurrence download for a plant taxon in Canada; a biodiversity data export.

The record is a biodiversity occurrence dataset, not a study of research.

GBIF species-occurrence data download; biodiversity data product, not research about research.

Conference session abstract collection on fisheries management objectives, trade-offs, and strategies; the object is ocean and fisheries management, and the evaluation of stock assessment methods within it is domain methodology rather than a study of research practice.

The collection concerns fisheries management strategies and ecosystems, not research itself.

Fisheries management conference session abstracts; domain management science, not metaresearch.

Toolkit of playful activities for internship supervisors to develop trainees' professional soft skills; a teaching resource for practicum supervision, not about the research workforce or research practice.

The record is an educational activity toolkit for internship supervisors, not a study of research.

Pedagogical activity kit for internship soft skills supervision; education practice resource, not research about research.

Deposited taxonomic figure from a bee revision; domain data artifact.

The record is a taxonomic figure depicting bee morphology.

Taxonomic figure caption for bee morphology; not metaresearch.

Taxonomic description of the bumblebee Bombus neoboreus; insect systematics.

It is a taxonomic account of a bumblebee species, not research about research.

Taxonomic treatment of a bumblebee species; organismal biology.

Meta-analysis estimating the pandemic's impact on cervical cancer screening rates; a synthesis used to answer an epidemiological question.

This systematic review estimates changes in cervical cancer screening, not how evidence syntheses are conducted.

Systematic review/meta-analysis estimating cervical screening rates under COVID-19; synthesis used to answer a health question.

Statistics Canada retail sales data table; economic statistics unrelated to research.

The dataset reports Canadian retail sales rather than research activity.

Retail sales statistical data product; no relation to research as object.

Machine learning detection of COVID-19 cases from survey data.

It develops a machine-learning model for detecting COVID-19 cases.

ML detection of COVID-19 from survey data is applied epidemiology/AI, not metaresearch.

Survey of Hop latent viroid prevalence and impact in Canadian greenhouse cannabis; the object is plant disease.

The study investigates viroid infection and its effects in cannabis plants, not research itself.

Plant pathology survey of hop latent viroid in cannabis production; agricultural domain.

Analysis of news media framing of missing and murdered Indigenous peoples in Canada; the object is journalistic representation and public discourse, not the research system.

The article studies media framing of Indigenous missing and murdered people rather than research practice.

Media-framing analysis of Indigenous missing and murdered peoples; social media studies, not metaresearch.

Thesis on distribution and dynamics of dimethyl sulfide in Canadian Arctic sea ice during melt; the object is biogeochemistry.

The dissertation studies dimethyl sulfide dynamics in Arctic sea ice, not the conduct of research.

Ocean biogeochemistry of DMS associated with Arctic sea ice; natural science domain.

Overview of sustainable roofing systems; building science.

This overview concerns sustainable roofing systems rather than research practice.

Overview of sustainable roofing systems; domain building/energy topic.

A music album posting; not research.

This is a music release description, not a study of research.

Self-promotional music album note, not scholarly metaresearch content.

Doctoral dissertation on the structural biology of inositol phosphate kinase IPK1; the object is protein structure.

The dissertation studies the structure and biochemical function of a protein kinase.

Structural biology dissertation on IPK1 enzyme mechanism.

Statistical-agency framework paper on the accuracy dimension of data quality for official price statistics; concerns production of official statistics rather than research practice, but the payload is only a title-level stub and standards work is a boundary case.

The framework concerns data quality for price statistics, not research methodology or the research system.

Official statistics framework on accuracy of price statistics; government statistical production, not scholarly metaresearch.

Mathematics dissertation on cycles on the moduli space of hyperelliptic curves; the abstract field contains only front-matter acknowledgments, but the title is unambiguously pure mathematics.

The dissertation concerns algebraic geometry and moduli spaces, not research practice.

Pure mathematics on cycles on moduli spaces of curves; not about research practice.

Hydraulic evaluation of a channel in Managua; civil engineering.

This work evaluates a hydraulic structure and does not study research practice.

Hydraulic assessment of an urban drainage channel in Managua; domain engineering, not metaresearch.

Field comparison of agroecological pest-management practices; 'methods' here are farming practices, not research methods.

It compares agroecological practices for tomato production rather than studying research practice.

Field comparison of agroecological pest-management practices on tomato crops, not a study of research methods.

News feature about public anxiety during the COVID pandemic; general news, not news about research practice.

The feature story discusses public anxiety during the pandemic rather than research practice.

Campus feature story on pandemic anxiety and coping; news commentary, not analytic metaresearch.

Thesis on introduction of non-indigenous dinoflagellates to Canadian waters via ships' ballast; invasion ecology set in Canada, but the Canadian research system is not the object.

This thesis studies invasive dinoflagellate introductions into Canadian waters, not the Canadian research system.

Invasion biology thesis on non-native dinoflagellates in ship ballast; Canadian ecosystems, not the research system.

No abstract; historical/cultural piece on a Montreal bakery and industrial bread.

The work concerns the history of an industrial bakery in Montreal.

Historical piece on an industrial bakery in Montreal; social/economic history (no abstract).

Meeting-invitation record with dial-in details for a particle detector R&D collaboration call; the indexed OpenAlex topic 'Academic Publishing and Open Access' is spurious and there is no metaresearch content.

This is a meeting announcement concerning detector research coordination and is contextual rather than analytic metaresearch.

Meeting booking notice for particle-detector R&D coordination; announcement, not metaresearch study.

Exploratory analysis of adult education in Quebec CEGEPs; abstract absent, the object is education provision, not the research system.

The title concerns adult education in Quebec and does not indicate that research itself is the object.

Title is exploratory analysis of adult education in Quebec CEGEPs; education domain, not research.

New year greeting post; no research content.

It is a New Year greeting and illustration notice.

New-year greeting/announcement with no research object.