The field’s boundary is not a line. It is a region.

A direct replication submitted to the Reproducibility Initiative to independently validate a published result; framed as reproducibility work, though its immediate object is a specific biological claim.

This reports an attempted replication and independent validation of prior experiments, making reproducibility the object of study.

Independent replication attempt submitted to the Reproducibility Initiative; primary object is whether prior results replicate.

Library and information science study using document delivery and serials usage data to guide collection development at Canada's national science library; the object is how a research library serves researchers.

It studies information-use and collection-development practices in the Canadian scientific research library system.

LIS collection-development study using document-delivery data at CISTI, a Canadian STM research library.

Meta-epidemiological comparison of PROBE versus double-blind trial designs and whether design affects estimated effects; the object is study design and its validity.

The object is whether different clinical trial designs have equivalent validity, which directly studies research methods.

Primary object is clinical-trial design validity (PROBE vs double-blind), i.e. research methods properties.

Article on the ethical issues raised by empirical research methods in software engineering; the object is research conduct and integrity in an empirical research literature.

It directly examines ethical issues in empirical software-engineering research.

Primary object is ethics of empirical software engineering research methods and human-subjects research practice.

Evaluates a workshop preparing graduate students and postdocs for academic careers, with survey data on their readiness and competitiveness for academic positions; the object is the training and careers of the research workforce.

The work evaluates training and career preparation for graduate students and postdocs as members of the research workforce.

Evaluates a workshop training graduate students and postdocs for academic teaching careers; research workforce training and capacity.

Bibliometric analysis of research hotspots in a literature on internet searches in breast cancer; the method is bibliometric and the object is a body of research output, matching the borderline bibliometric case.

The bibliometric analysis studies a research literature and its hotspots, making research output the object rather than merely using bibliometrics.

Bibliometric mapping of research hotspots on internet-search applications in breast cancer; studies a research literature, borderline T2.

Comparative legal analysis of statute-based protections for research participant confidentiality, drawing lessons from US instruments for the Canadian context; the object is how research is governed and regulated in Canada, which is research policy analysis (a reasonable coder could call this core T1).

The paper analyzes legal protections governing research participants and their application to the Canadian research context.

Analyzes statute-based legal protections for research participant confidentiality, comparing US models for Canadian research governance.

Review of the methodological challenges of long-term follow-up studies in critical care: attrition, missing data, lack of standardized outcomes and covariate reporting, and proposed methodological solutions; the object is how this research is done.

It directly examines methodological challenges in conducting long-term critical-care outcome studies.

Review of methodological challenges in conducting and completing long-term critical care outcomes research.

Analytic paper on the use of Canadian census ethnic origin data in health research: how the question is formulated, the conceptual and methodological challenges for data usage, and recommendations for future research.

It examines the definition, linkage, and methodological use of ethnicity data in health research.

Analyzes methods and uses of Canadian ethnic-origin census data as inputs to health research.

Bibliometric co-word analysis of the published literature on risk management and sustainability in insurance; bibliometric method whose object is a research literature and its trends.

It uses bibliometric analysis to study a body of published research, making it adjacent metaresearch.

Bibliometric review maps a research literature on green life insurance; object is publication patterns, borderline domain map.

Methodological reflection on how to conduct multi-jurisdiction comparative leadership research: forming research consortia, designing the study, working with advisory groups; the object is research practice itself.

The primary object is the practice and methods of conducting comparative educational leadership research.

Primary object is methods and pragmatics of conducting comparative educational leadership research across jurisdictions.

Observational study of the social media presence and reach of ophthalmology journals, associations and publications; the object is scholarly and professional dissemination practice.

It studies how ophthalmology journals and professional organizations use social media for scholarly dissemination.

Observational study of ophthalmology journals and associations on social platforms; object is scholarly communication.

Research library association survey of Canadian and international research data management initiatives and the roles open to libraries; LIS and research data infrastructure, with the Canadian landscape as a substantive object.

This report maps Canadian and international research data management initiatives and library roles, making research infrastructure its object.

Landscape report of Canadian and international research data management initiatives and library roles; research infrastructure/LIS with Canada as substantive object.

LIS study of the information behavior and information-seeking barriers of medical doctoral students writing their theses in Burkina Faso.

It studies how medical doctoral students, as researchers, find and use scholarly information.

LIS study of how medical doctoral students seek and access scholarly information for theses, squarely information behaviour of researchers.

Book chapter on the major stages of the development of science in Canada; the object is the Canadian science system itself, though no abstract is available.

The title suggests a historical account of the development of science in Canada, but the abstract is missing.

Title indicates history of science development in Canada (HPS/STS-adjacent study of science as a system); no abstract to confirm framing.

Analyzes the representation of women authors in the Quebec journal Philosophiques over fifty years through the lens of epistemic injustice; the object is authorship and workforce equity in a Canadian scholarly venue.

This examines women’s authorship and representation in a scholarly journal, making scholarly communication and research workforce equity the objects of study.

Analyzes women's underrepresentation as authors in Philosophiques and epistemic injustice in scholarly publishing; equity of the research workforce and a Canadian journal as object.

Dataset of a funder consortium's open access spend, article processing charges, licences and repository compliance; the object is open access publishing and funder compliance.

The dataset studies open-access publishing expenditure and compliance practices.

Dataset of open-access spend and licence/repository compliance for funded papers; scholarly communication is the object.

Philosophy/STS book reconstructing Hountondji's account of modern science in Africa, its entanglement with colonialism and the social organization of scientific knowledge; science as a social system is the object.

The book examines modern science as a social and historical system in relation to colonialism.

Philosophy/STS reconstruction of Hountondji on modern science, colonialism, and science in Africa.

Inventory of the training profiles and research specializations of professors in Quebec faculties of education, documenting shrinking disciplinary diversity and a shift away from the foundations; the object is the composition of an academic research workforce in Canada.

The primary object is the Canadian research workforce, including professors' training, research fields, and specialization patterns.

Inventory of Québec education-faculty professors’ profiles and research specializations; research workforce as object.