The field’s boundary is not a line. It is a region.

Tests the species-discrimination power of DNA barcode markers in a plant subfamily; evaluates a laboratory marker's performance for taxonomy, a polysemous use of reliability rather than research methodology.

It evaluates DNA barcodes for identifying plant species, not the conduct or reporting of research.

Validates DNA barcodes for plant species identification; reliability is taxonomic method use, not research systems.

Macroeconomic outlook piece on global recovery in a business forecasting journal; the object is the world economy.

This economic outlook analyzes global recovery and policy conditions, not research itself.

Macroeconomic recovery and forecasting commentary; business/economy object.

Pure mathematics preprint on the Kodaira dimension of maximal orders.

The title identifies a mathematical research result with no indication that research itself is the object.

Pure algebraic geometry title with no abstract; object is mathematics, not research systems.

Book review of a history of Ukraine; a review of domain scholarship with no abstract.

This is a book review about Ukrainian history and not metaresearch.

Book-review style title of a national history work; not an editorial about research practice.

Cell biology of CD63 in platelet spreading and tyrosine phosphorylation; the object is a molecular mechanism.

This biomedical experiment studies platelet signaling and CD63 function, not research practice.

Platelet biology experiment on CD63 and integrin signaling; biomedical domain.

Cyclodextrin effects on autophagy in mouse brains; preclinical neuroscience.

The work studies autophagy and cyclodextrin effects in disease models, not research itself.

Biomedical study of cyclodextrin effects on autophagy in AD mice; domain neuroscience.

Book review of a history of the German conservative intellectual milieu and its press; a review of a history book, not about contemporary research practice.

This is a review of a book about conservative intellectual networks in Germany, not metaresearch.

Book review of German conservative intellectual press networks; intellectual history, not metaresearch.

Ecological analysis of pink salmon productivity; fisheries science.

The study analyzes ecological determinants of pink salmon productivity.

Ecological analysis of pink salmon productivity; object is fish ecology, not science practice.

Meeting abstract on using virtual reality to visualize rhodopsin protein complexes; the object is molecular biophysics, not research practice.

The work studies rhodopsin complexes in virtual reality, not research practice or the research system.

Domain biophysics/visualization of rhodopsin complexes; empty abstract but title is unambiguous domain science.

Prevalence study of MRSA nasal colonization among Nigerian undergraduates; a microbiology/epidemiology question.

It measures MRSA colonization among Nigerian undergraduates, not research practice.

Microbiology prevalence study of MRSA nasal colonization in students, not metaresearch.

Case-control study of physical activity, obesity and kidney cancer risk.

It studies physical activity, obesity, energy intake, and kidney-cancer risk.

Case-control study of lifestyle factors and kidney cancer is domain epidemiology.

Materials chemistry synthesis of titania nanotube arrays.

It experimentally synthesizes titania nanotube arrays.

Synthesis of titania nanotube arrays is materials chemistry.

Surgical case report of brachial plexus reconstruction.

This is a clinical surgical case report, not a study of research.

Single clinical case report of brachial plexus reconstruction after chainsaw injury.

Book review of a Canadian language-rights legal treatise; the object is law, not research.

This is a commentary on a Canadian legal reference work, not a study of research.

Book notice on Canadian linguistic rights law, not a study of research practice.

Analysis of accountability in Canadian federal-provincial labour market agreements; workforce development policy, not the research system.

The work studies accountability in labour market policy agreements, not research policy or research practice.

Public administration analysis of Canadian labour-market agreement accountability; employment policy, not the research system.

Molecular biology thesis on regulation of p27Kip1 degradation.

It studies molecular regulation of a cell-cycle protein.

Molecular regulation of p27Kip1 degradation is biochemistry; abstract too thin for more.

Literary criticism of a play; abstract absent but the title is unambiguous.

The work analyzes literature and language rather than research itself.

Literary criticism of a play, not research practice or scholarly communication as objects of study.

MRI thesis on fetal hemodynamics and brain development in late-onset intrauterine growth restriction; a clinical/physiological question.

The dissertation studies fetal hemodynamics and brain development, not research itself.

Clinical fetal hemodynamics and brain development in IUGR; biomedical domain study.

Contemporary art exhibition catalogue assessing Vancouver arts activity and discourse; the object is artistic practice, not research practice.

The book concerns contemporary art in Vancouver and does not study research itself.

Art or exhibition text on Vancouver Special; not about research practice.

Clinical narrative review of surgical and medical management of proliferative vitreoretinopathy; the object is patient treatment.

This review addresses clinical management of retinal disease rather than evidence-synthesis methodology.

Clinical literature update on PVR surgical and medical management, not methods of research.

Ophthalmology case report of chandelier scleral buckling for retinal detachment.

The title clearly identifies a retinal surgery study, not research practice.

Clinical ophthalmology title on scleral buckling for retinal detachment.

Phase 2 clinical trial of duvelisib in lymphoma; a clinical efficacy question.

This reports a clinical trial of lymphoma treatment, not research itself.

Phase 2 clinical trial of duvelisib in indolent lymphoma; therapeutic efficacy, not research practice.

Macroeconomic SVAR analysis of supply and demand shocks in GCC countries.

This paper studies macroeconomic shock synchronization, not research.

Macroeconomics of GCC supply and demand shocks, not science of science.

Development of an imaging cell-sorter technology; bioengineering.

This reports a biomedical cell-sorting technology and does not study research practice.

Bioengineering poster on on-chip cell imaging and sorting technology, not metaresearch.

Activity-theory analysis of a networked-school innovation; the object is school teaching and learning, not research.

This studies educational innovation in schools rather than the conduct or governance of research.

Activity-theory analysis of networked school innovation; object is education practice, not research.

Polymer science on PMMA-silica nanoparticles and hybrid membranes; the object is a material.

The study investigates polymer nanoparticles and membrane properties, not research practice.

Materials science study of PMMA-silica nanoparticles and membranes; not about research itself.

Resting-state fMRI study of Alzheimer disease; domain neuroscience.

This study develops an imaging measure of Alzheimer disease activity, not a study of research methods themselves.

Alzheimer neuroimaging study of BOLD signal variation, domain clinical neuroscience.

Clinical case report of a PCSK9 mutation carrier.

This reports a clinical case involving a genetic mutation and liver disease, not research itself.

Clinical genetics case of PCSK9 mutation and steatosis; title-domain clear despite empty abstract.

International law analysis of jurisdiction over Internet activities.

It analyzes international-law principles governing Internet activities.

Public international law analysis of Internet jurisdiction, not a study of research systems.

Piece on student writing in engineering design labs via problem-based learning; educational pedagogy, not research practice.

This discusses writing instruction in an engineering design lab, not research practice.

Engineering education piece on student writing in a design lab; pedagogy for students, not study of research practice.

No abstract; persuasive-technology study in which graduate assistants are merely the sample, not a study of the research workforce.

This work studies social influence on graduate assistants, not research practice.

Missing abstract; title suggests persuasion experiment with graduate assistants as subjects, not study of research careers.

Book theorizing global capitalism and democracy; political economy.

This theoretical work concerns globalization, capitalism, and democracy, not the research system.

Political-economy book on global capitalism and democracy, not research practice.

Molecular biology review of genes and pathways in ciliopathies; domain science.

This review concerns genes and molecular pathways in ciliopathies, not research.

Molecular biology review of ciliopathy genes and pathways.

French preprint on recitation, poetry, and voice with only an 'International audience' stub; the title is unambiguously about poetic practice.

The title indicates literary analysis of recitation and poetry, with too little abstract detail for higher confidence.

French title on poetry recitation with almost no abstract; no evidence the object is research itself.

Japanese-language review of chemotherapy for unresectable pancreatic cancer; a clinical topic.

The title concerns chemotherapy for unresectable pancreatic cancer rather than research practice.

Title is clinical chemotherapy for unresectable pancreatic cancer; no metaresearch object.

Cross-sectional clinical study comparing satisfaction and pain after vaginal birth and caesarean.

This clinical study examines childbirth pain and satisfaction, not research practice.

Clinical obstetric study of postpartum pain and satisfaction after delivery modes.

Operations research model for designing an express parcel service network on highway coaches.

It develops an optimization model for parcel transport networks, not research practice.

Operations research on highway express parcel service network design.

Robotic nanomanipulation under electron microscopy; 'reproducibility' here refers to a manipulation procedure, a polysemy trap.

It develops and evaluates automated nanowire manipulation technology, with reproducibility referring to process performance.

Automated SEM nanomanipulation is materials/robotics engineering, not metaresearch.

Analytical chemistry method applying FAIMS and mass spectrometry to compounds in faba bean seeds.

It applies analytical chemistry to faba bean seeds rather than studying research methods.

Title-only analytical chemistry of compounds in faba beans; domain food/crop science.

Materials chemistry enhancing photoelectrochemical activity of CuWO4 photoanodes; the object is a catalyst.

The study investigates photoelectrochemical water splitting materials rather than research itself.

Photoelectrochemistry of CuWO4 photoanodes; energy materials research.

Cohort study of transfusion-related lung injury in a Pakistani PICU; a clinical epidemiology question.

This studies transfusion-related lung injury in children, not research itself.

Clinical cohort study of TRALI incidence in a Pakistani PICU; transfusion medicine outcomes.

Set of classroom exercises for metalinguistic and metacognitive comprehension of mathematics word problems; 'meta' here is metalinguistic, not metaresearch, and the object is school pedagogy.

The work presents educational exercises for understanding mathematical problem texts, not research practice.

Pedagogical exercises for math-problem text comprehension; education practice, not research systems.

Philosophical essay on the ontology and aesthetics of digital versus analogue images; the object is image theory.

The article develops a theory of photographic and digital images rather than studying research.

Aesthetic/ontological essay on digital and silver-based images; art theory, not research practice.

Military history of infantry weapons, organization, and tactics in the Canadian Corps; no research-practice object.

This historical analysis examines infantry weapons and tactics in the Canadian Corps, not research itself.

Military history of infantry weapons employment in the Canadian Corps; not research as object.

Case analysis of global water governance arrangements; the object is environmental governance, not research governance.

The study analyzes global water-governance arrangements and environmental dilemmas.

Global water governance and adaptive arrangements; environmental governance, not research as object.

Registry comparison of infection risk across TNF inhibitors that applies propensity matching to reduce channeling bias; bias adjustment is used as a tool and the knowledge produced is about drug safety.

The registry study estimates medication safety in rheumatoid arthritis patients rather than studying research practice.

Real-world drug safety comparison in RA; uses propensity methods to answer a clinical question, not to study methods.

A compiled volume of abstracts from a domain eye-movement conference; a collection of research reports, not a study of research.

It is a collection of conference abstracts about eye-movement research, not a study of research itself.

Compiled conference abstracts on eye-movement science; domain proceedings dump, not a study of research practice.

Latent class analysis of childhood maltreatment types and adolescent borderline features; latent class analysis is used, not studied, and the object is psychopathology.

This psychological study examines childhood maltreatment and adolescent difficulties, not research itself.

Clinical/developmental psychology on childhood maltreatment and adolescent outcomes.

Clinical review of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma.

This is a clinical review of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma, not a review of research methods.

Clinical review of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma management.

No abstract; terahertz wave plate using a metallic helix array; applied physics.

This concerns an engineering device for terahertz waves rather than research practice.

Terahertz optics/hardware title is unambiguous domain engineering; empty abstract.