The field’s boundary is not a line. It is a region.

Agronomy trial on nitrogen sources and canola yield; abstract absent but the title is unambiguous.

The title clearly concerns canola yield in agriculture, not research itself, but the abstract is missing.

Agronomy of canola yield under nitrogen or growth regulators; title is domain agriculture with no abstract.

Engineering paper on a pole-zero sorting method for electromagnetic response modeling; the object is a modeling technique in electronics.

The paper develops a modeling method for electromagnetic filter responses, not research practice.

Engineering parametric modeling of EM filter responses, not research about research.

Biographical chronology of a communication scholar; contextual material about a researcher's career, akin to the obituary/biographical items the rubric places in T3, and the record has no real abstract.

It is a biographical account of a scholar, not a study of research itself.

Biographical notes on Armand Mattelart; thin abstract and not about research as object.

Book chapter on Canada, Quebec and la Francophonie; political relations, not the research system.

The title identifies a chapter about Canada, Quebec, and Francophonie but provides too little information to indicate metaresearch.

Chapter on Canada, Quebec, and La Francophonie with empty abstract; no evidence object is research rather than politics/culture.

Book insert listing colour illustrations; no research content.

The chapter consists of historical and geographic illustrations rather than metaresearch.

Color-plate figure insert for a book on borders, not research as object.

Case studies of alternative schooling settings as social entrepreneurship; the object is education provision.

The study examines social entrepreneurship and alternative schooling in Quebec.

Social entrepreneurship framing of alternative Quebec schooling; education/society, not research systems.

Economics paper on monetary policy and inflation expectations with no abstract; a macroeconomics question.

The title indicates an economics study rather than metaresearch, but the abstract is missing.

Title indicates monetary-policy economics; no abstract, so judged title-only and clearly not metaresearch.

Comparative legal analysis of freedom of religion in France and Canada; constitutional law, not the research system.

The dissertation compares constitutional approaches to religious freedom rather than studying research.

Comparative constitutional law on religious freedom in France and Canada, not the research system.

fMRI study of speech and melody perception and network topology.

It studies neural processing of speech and music using fMRI.

fMRI network study of speech and music perception is cognitive neuroscience.

Geotechnical testing of polyester geogrid durability; the standards at issue are engineering design standards, not research standards.

It experimentally evaluates geogrid durability under alkaline conditions.

Geogrid durability product testing is civil/geotechnical engineering.

Cross-sectional clinical study of risk factors for arteriovenous fistula dysfunction in hemodialysis patients.

It studies clinical risk factors for arteriovenous-fistula dysfunction, not research practice.

Clinical risk factors for AVF dysfunction in dialysis; medical object.

Book chapter on adult services and employment for adults with autism; the object is disability service provision.

The title concerns employment and services for autistic adults, not research itself.

Book chapter on autism adult services/employment; empty abstract, domain social/clinical topic.

French-language philosophical essay on the meaning of pain; the object is suffering, not research.

It is a philosophical discussion of pain, not research itself.

Brief philosophical aside on the meaning of pain; not about research practice.

Taxonomic revision of Metopius wasp subgenera in Japan; insect systematics.

It revises the taxonomy of Japanese wasps, not research practice.

Taxonomic review of Japanese Metopius wasps; entomology systematics.

Freshwater ecology note on landlocked salmon in an agricultural watershed.

The article concerns landlocked salmon in a Quebec river, not research practice.

Natural-history note on landlocked salmon in a Quebec agricultural river; domain ecology.

Astronomy paper on the frequency of metal enrichment in helium-atmosphere white dwarfs using DESI data.

It estimates planetary material frequency around white dwarfs, not research practice.

Astrophysics measurement of metal enrichment frequency in cool helium white dwarfs.

Materials testing of gecko-inspired dry adhesives for heritage conservation.

The study tests adhesives for heritage conservation rather than research methods or systems.

Materials testing of gecko-inspired adhesives for heritage conservation, domain applied science.

Study of the clinical effects of career counseling on psychological distress; the object is counseling outcomes.

The study evaluates clinical effects of career counseling, not research itself.

Clinical outcomes of career counseling for client distress; counseling effectiveness, not research systems.

Health IT use case on managing shared clinical mobile devices in a hospital system.

It describes a hospital technology-management use case, not research practice.

Hospital shared mobile-device management use case is clinical IT operations, not metaresearch.

Robust control design for a triple inverted pendulum using mu-synthesis and a metaheuristic; a control engineering contribution.

The paper develops and simulates a control strategy for an inverted pendulum, not research practice.

Control-engineering paper balancing robustness and performance of a triple inverted pendulum.

Patient-reported quality of life outcomes from a defibrillator trial; a clinical result, not a study of trial practice.

This is a clinical trial outcomes analysis, and methodological terms are incidental.

Clinical trial report of ICD device quality of life; object is medical device outcomes, not research methods.

Development of an mRNA therapeutic vaccine for HPV-related malignancies; the object is a vaccine.

It concerns development of a therapeutic cancer vaccine, not research practice.

Therapeutic HPV mRNA vaccine development; biomedical product research, not metaresearch.

Protocol for a randomized trial comparing imaging strategies for diagnosing pulmonary embolism; the strategies are clinical diagnostic methods, not research methods.

The protocol evaluates diagnostic strategies for pulmonary embolism.

RCT protocol comparing PE diagnostic imaging strategies; clinical diagnostic research.

Post-hoc analysis of voclosporin safety and efficacy in lupus nephritis with low eGFR; a clinical trial analysis.

The analysis evaluates the safety and efficacy of a lupus nephritis treatment, not research itself.

Clinical efficacy and safety of voclosporin in lupus nephritis; therapeutic domain study.

Interim clinical trial results for an antibody preventing kidney transplant rejection.

The work reports a kidney-transplant treatment trial rather than studying research methods.

Clinical transplant trial update on an immunosuppressive drug, domain medicine.

Physiology experiment on muscle androgen receptor overexpression and body composition in rats.

It studies androgen receptor effects in rats, not research practice.

Physiology study of androgen receptor overexpression and body composition in rats.

Argues for revising criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management under climate change; forest policy indicators, not research evaluation.

This article discusses forest-management indicators and climate adaptation, not indicators of research.

Forest-community sustainability indicators under climate change in Canada; forest policy, not the Canadian research system.

Case study of municipal alcohol control policy implementation; health policy, not research policy.

The work evaluates local alcohol-control policy implementation in Santiago.

Case study of local alcohol-control policy implementation in Chile; public health policy, not research practice.

Book front matter (table of contents); no research content.

The title indicates a table of contents with no substantive information about the object of study.

Table of contents with no abstract; not a study of research practice.

Secondary analysis of trial data on epinephrine dosing intervals and pediatric cardiac arrest outcomes; a clinical question.

It evaluates epinephrine dosing intervals and cardiac-arrest outcomes, not research practice.

Pediatric cardiac-arrest outcomes vs epinephrine dosing intervals; clinical resuscitation research.

Combinatorial game theory result on temperature in the game SNORT; pure mathematics.

This mathematical paper studies temperatures in a combinatorial game, not research.

Combinatorial game theory analysis of Snort temperature; not measurement science of research.

Review of plant-derived polysaccharides for future foods; food science.

This review concerns plant polysaccharides and food applications rather than research itself.

Domain review of plant non-starch polysaccharides for future foods; food science, not metaresearch.

Theological essay on truth, faith and existence; not about research.

The article develops a theological account of truth and faith rather than studying research.

Theological-philosophical essay on truth and faith; not about research as object.

eLife peer-review assessment of an influenza epidemiology paper; it is a peer review artifact whose object is viral dynamics, not a study of peer review.

The work studies influenza epidemic dynamics rather than research practice.

eLife assessment of an influenza epidemiology paper; peer review as document, not study of peer review or research practice.

Animal nutrition trial on forage feeding in calves; domain science.

This experiment studies calf nutrition and rumen physiology, not research.

Animal nutrition physiology study of calf rumen pH and SCFA transport.

Spectroscopic characterization of an exoplanet; astronomy.

This characterizes an exoplanet and its formation, not research practice.

Exoplanet discovery and characterization of TOI-757 b; domain astronomy.

Polychaete taxonomy with description of a new species.

The work presents a taxonomic study of marine worms, not a study of research.

Taxonomic description of marine annelids; object is biodiversity systematics.

Literary studies chapter on Acadian identity in a nineteenth-century Louisiana autobiography; no research-practice object.

This book chapter analyzes a literary autobiography and does not study research practice.

Literary/historical chapter on Acadian identity in a Louisiana autobiography.

Viewpoint on informatics for public health resilience; commentary on health technology, not on research practice.

This viewpoint concerns public-health resilience technologies and does not study research itself.

Viewpoint on informatics for public-health resilience to pandemics/climate; applied public health, not studying research.

Cosmology measurement of the 3D Lyman-alpha forest power spectrum from eBOSS; the object is large-scale structure.

The paper measures a cosmological power spectrum and evaluates its modeling pipeline.

Cosmology measurement of the 3D Lyman-alpha forest power spectrum.

No abstract; editorial introducing a research-topic collection on quantum annealing, i.e. commentary about a domain literature rather than about research practice.

The editorial concerns quantum annealing computation as a scientific topic, not research practice.

Editorial on quantum annealing computation experience; domain computing topic, not research systems (no abstract).

IoT-based building management system for energy efficiency; an engineering solution.

This work presents an IoT building-management solution and does not study research itself.

IoT building-management systems for energy efficiency; applied engineering, not a study of research.

FPGA time-to-digital converter for time-of-flight CT; instrumentation engineering.

This is an engineering study of a time-to-digital converter for medical imaging, not of research practice.

Domain medical-imaging hardware engineering; object is a TDC device, not research practice.

Discussion paper critiquing high-fidelity simulation for empathy development in undergraduate nursing education; the object is pedagogy and professional training for practice, not research practice.

This discussion concerns simulation-based nursing education and empathy, not research itself.

Critique of simulators in undergraduate nursing education for empathy; professional pedagogy, not research-as-object.

Viewpoint advocating patient feedback in clinical training; the object is medical education, not the research workforce or research practice.

This viewpoint advocates patient feedback in medical education, not the conduct of research.

Viewpoint on patient feedback in clinical medical education, not research training or metaresearch.

Machine learning method internalizing ASR chain of thought in a speech-to-speech conversational LLM; a model architecture contribution.

The preprint develops a speech-to-speech language-model method, not a study of research practice.

Speech LLM engineering for ASR chain-of-thought; AI systems research, not metaresearch.

Failure-mode analysis for radiotherapy patient-specific quality assurance; 'quality assurance' here is clinical dosimetry, not research practice (polysemy).

This study evaluates clinical radiotherapy quality assurance rather than research quality or practice.

Clinical radiotherapy patient-specific QA failure modes; quality-assurance polysemy, not research integrity or methods research.

Book review of a historian's essay on national preference and immigration politics; domain commentary.

This is a book review about immigration history and does not study research practice.

Book review of Noiriel on national-preference immigration history; not about research practice.

Neuro-oncology case report of two brain tumor diagnoses.

This reports clinical case experiences involving a rare brain tumor, not research practice.

Clinical case reports of rare brain tumours and their diagnosis/treatment.

Biochemistry of a ketone body shunt pathway and anti-obesity metabolites.

This is a biomedical study of ketone metabolism and obesity in mice and humans.

Biochemistry paper identifying a ketone metabolite pathway; domain molecular biology.