The field’s boundary is not a line. It is a region.

Clinical review of neurally adjusted ventilatory assist in newborns; the object is a ventilation modality.

The review concerns neonatal respiratory treatment rather than methodology of research synthesis.

Clinical review of neonatal non-invasive ventilation; title alone is domain medicine.

No abstract; a therapeutic patient-education program for psychiatric patients with overweight, i.e. clinical intervention.

The abstract is missing and the title indicates a clinical patient-education program rather than research about research.

Clinical therapeutic-education program for psychiatric patients with overweight; empty abstract but clinical object is clear.

Study of school stress, social support and burnout in adolescents.

It studies stress, social support, and school burnout among adolescents.

Adolescent school stress, social support, and burnout is educational psychology.

Review of an international Indigenous art exhibition; an arts review.

It reviews an Indigenous art exhibition, not research practice.

Art exhibition book review; cultural criticism, not metaresearch.

Newsletter issue reporting the current activities of a Toronto waterfront research project; contextual research-project news rather than a study of research.

This newsletter reports activities of a research project and is contextual rather than analytic.

Project newsletter announcing activities of a Toronto waterfront research project.

Neurophysiology of apomorphine effects on basal ganglia neurons in Parkinson's disease.

This is a clinical neuroscience study of apomorphine effects in Parkinson's disease.

Clinical neurophysiology study of apomorphine effects on basal ganglia neurons.

Policy analysis of internet governance and trust for commercial use; the governed system is the internet, not research.

The article discusses Internet governance and security for commercial use, not research infrastructure or research practice.

Telecom/Internet commercial trust and legal infrastructure for digital markets; ICT policy, not metaresearch.

MILP optimization model for joint product family and supply chain design; operations research on a design problem, not on research.

The work proposes a supply-chain design model and does not study research itself.

Title is joint product-family and supply-chain optimization; domain operations research with thin abstract.

Malformed record whose title is a bare DOI with no usable content; nothing indicates metaresearch.

The record contains only a DOI-like title and no abstract, so its object cannot be established.

Garbled DOI-like title with no abstract; cannot support metaresearch inclusion.

Book chapter in a postcolonial history collection on the Komagata Maru; the object is migration history and Canadian multiculturalism, not the research system.

The chapter analyzes the historical and colonial significance of the Komagata Maru incident rather than research.

Historical/cultural analysis of the Komagata Maru and migration; Canadian history, not the research system.

Preclinical comparison of insulin formulations in rats; abstract absent but the title is unambiguous.

This is a biomedical animal study of insulin effects on weight and fat mass.

Title is an animal insulin/weight pharmacology comparison; domain biomedical research.

Narrative study of patients' experience of technology in heart surgery; studies clinical care, not scientific practice, so it falls outside the STS-of-research sense of T2.

The work studies patients' narratives and experiences of open-heart surgery technology.

Narrative study of patients’ experience of technology in open-heart surgery is clinical/medical sociology, not study of scientific research practice.

Book review of an eighteenth-century literary studies monograph; the object is literary sensibility, not research practice.

This is a literary book review unrelated to research practice.

Book review of eighteenth-century literature of feeling, not research practice.

Signal processing method for automatic horizon tracking in 3D seismic interpretation; the object is a geophysical interpretation tool.

This work develops an automated seismic horizon tracker for geophysical interpretation, not metaresearch.

Seismic interpretation algorithm for automatic horizon tracking; domain geophysics tool.

Review of cellular and molecular cascades during liver regeneration; a biomedical domain review.

It reviews biological mechanisms of liver regeneration, not research practice.

Review of cellular/molecular liver regeneration; biomedical biology.

Queer-theory legal analysis of a Supreme Court decision on sexual orientation; not about research.

The article analyzes queer theory and Canadian law rather than research practice.

Queer legal theory analysis of a Canadian rights case; object is law and identity, not research practice.

Numerical simulation of train-bridge dynamic interaction; civil engineering.

It models train-bridge dynamics for engineering design rather than studying research.

Dynamic train–bridge interaction modelling for a metro monorail; civil engineering.

A poem; not research at all.

This is a poem and does not study research.

Literary poem with no research object.

French-language book review of a history of a Quebec monastic community.

It is a book review about a Québec monastic community, not research practice.

Book notice on a Quebec monastic community history; not about research practice.

Cultural geography study of the murals of Moose Jaw as commodification of the past.

It studies historical murals and local economic development rather than research practice.

Historical geography of tourism murals and local economic revitalization, not metaresearch.

Materials-science review of phthalocyanine organic thin-film transistors; a domain review.

It reviews organic-electronics materials and devices, not research practice.

Materials review of phthalocyanine organic transistors; domain electronics science.

No abstract; horticultural study of iris seed propagation.

The title indicates a study of Louisiana iris seed propagation, not research practice.

Horticultural seed propagation of Louisiana iris; plant cultivation (no abstract).

Phytochemistry study of free radical scavenging by Forsythia fruit extracts.

It evaluates antioxidant activity of a plant extract, not research itself.

Phytochemical antioxidant assay of plant extracts; domain chemistry/biology.

Development strategy for seed enterprises in Henan; an agribusiness-development note with no abstract, and 'research' here is corporate strategy.

The title indicates a study of seed enterprises in Henan Province, but the abstract is missing.

Title concerns development ideas for seed enterprises in Henan; domain agribusiness, abstract missing.

Retrospective cohort on the etiology of intestinal obstruction.

It studies the causes of intestinal obstruction in clinical patients.

Retrospective clinical series on causes of intestinal obstruction; Canada appears only in comparative literature.

Description of a new sweet potato cultivar and its cultivation; agronomy.

The title concerns sweet-potato cultivation technology rather than research practice.

Agricultural variety description of sweet potato Longshu No.9; crop breeding announcement-style domain work.

Horticultural experiment on 2,4-D seed soaking and leek germination; the object is plant growth.

The experiment studies herbicide effects on leek germination rather than research practice.

Seed science experiment on 2,4-D soaking and leek germination; plant physiology.

Argument about general versus specialized professional education in Chinese social work; concerns vocational training, not the research workforce.

The work debates general and specialized social-work education rather than research itself.

Debate on general vs specialized social-work professional education in China, not scientific research workforce.

Clustering-based redshift estimation applied to galaxy surveys; an astronomy method used to answer an astronomy question.

The work tests a redshift-estimation technique for galaxy surveys rather than studying research practice.

Astronomy method for clustering-based redshift estimation; domain astrophysics technique.

Model-driven software engineering method for generating model examples; a software technique, not a study of research.

The paper develops an automated model-generation framework for software engineering, not a study of research itself.

Software-engineering method for generating MDE model examples; SE tooling, not study of how research is done.

Review of molecular assays for cancer diagnosis and targeted therapy; the object is diagnostic technology and its clinical regulation.

The review concerns cancer diagnostic assays and treatments, not research methodology.

Industry-oriented review of molecular diagnostic cancer assays and personalized medicine testing.

Clinical study of entecavir plus tenofovir in chronic hepatitis B after treatment failure; a therapeutic efficacy question.

This clinical study concerns combination therapy for chronic hepatitis B, not research practice.

Clinical hepatology combination therapy for chronic hepatitis B; domain medicine, abstract missing.

Transcriptome analyses plus release of the PhyloFish database; a domain genomics resource, not infrastructure of the research ecosystem in the metaresearch sense.

This describes a genomics database resource and is an infrastructure announcement rather than an analytic study.

Domain genomics resource (PhyloFish) for fish gene evolution; uses a database tool rather than studying research infrastructure.

Comparison of optimization algorithms for calibrating a watershed model; a domain modeling technique, not a study of research practice.

The work compares techniques for calibrating a hydrological model rather than studying research methods generally.

Automatic parameter calibration of a watershed hydrology model; domain environmental modelling, not metaresearch methods.

Molecular immunology of urothelial defense against uropathogenic E. coli.

This is a biomedical study of urothelial defenses against infection.

Host–pathogen immunology study of urothelial defenses against UPEC.

Philosophical analysis of Husserl's doctrine of ideality; not about contemporary research practice.

This is a philosophical analysis of Husserl's theory of ideality, not research itself.

Husserl phenomenology of ideality; pure philosophy, not contemporary research practice.

Survey of preferences for internet-based psychological treatment; a health-services question.

This survey studies preferences for mental-health interventions rather than research itself.

Survey of patient preference for internet-based psychological treatment versus face-to-face care.

Study of medical-school accreditation and exam performance of international medical graduates; the object is clinical training and its quality assurance, not the research system or research workforce.

This studies medical education accreditation and examination performance, not research itself.

Studies medical-school accreditation and USMLE performance of clinicians-in-training, not research methods, evaluation, or the research workforce.

Microbiology engineering of Lactococcus lactis for wound healing; abstract absent but the title is unambiguous.

It reports a microbiology and wound-healing experiment, not research practice.

Title indicates applied microbiology wound-healing work; empty abstract but domain object is unambiguous.

Legal analysis of the right not to know in German legislation; medical law and bioethics, not research practice.

It analyzes a legal and ethical right in German legislation.

Legal-ethical discussion of the right not to know in German law, not research practice.

Primary study of bullying experiences and mental health among First Nations youth; the object is bullying, not research practice.

The study examines bullying and mental health among First Nations, Metis and Inuit youth, not research itself.

Social/developmental study of bullying among Indigenous youth, not the research system.

Microbiology study of heavy metal capture by yeasts; the object is bioremediation.

The study investigates heavy-metal tolerance and capture by yeasts.

Microbiology of heavy-metal capture by yeasts.

Intra- and inter-rater reliability of a radiographic scale for grading bone grafts; clinical instrument reliability in the measurement sense, a polysemy trap rather than metaresearch.

This study tests the reliability of a clinical graft-assessment instrument rather than research practice.

Interrater reliability of a clinical graft-assessment scale; clinical measurement validation, polysemy trap not research reproducibility.

Theoretical syntax analysis of root gerunds in Old Romanian; the object is language, not research.

The work studies Old Romanian syntax rather than research practice.

Historical linguistics of Old Romanian syntax, not research as object.

Plant molecular biology of phosphate homeostasis in Arabidopsis.

The study investigates phosphate homeostasis in Arabidopsis plants.

Plant molecular physiology of a chloroplast protease under phosphate stress; domain biology.

Essay on minority languages, literacy policy and national development in Nigeria.

This paper discusses language, literacy, and development in Nigeria, not research.

Language and literacy policy in Nigeria; not research or scholarly communication as object.

Clinical practice guideline on aortic valve replacement; recommendations answering a clinical question.

This clinical practice guideline answers a treatment question using systematic reviews rather than studying synthesis methodology.

Clinical practice guideline on aortic valve replacement drawing on systematic reviews to answer a care question.

Surgical simulation training study; clinical skills education, not research training or the research workforce.

The study concerns surgical simulation training for novice laparoscopists, not research itself.

Surgical skills simulation training for novice laparoscopists is clinical education, not study of the research workforce or research methods.

Thesis on environmental stewardship volunteer groups in a watershed.

This studies environmental stewardship groups and watershed effects, not research itself.

Thesis on environmental stewardship groups in a watershed; environmental management domain.

Mitochondrial membrane scaffold and protease complex; cell biology.

This studies a mitochondrial proteolytic complex, not research practice.

Cell/molecular biology of mitochondrial protease scaffolding; title clear domain science, abstract missing.