The field’s boundary is not a line. It is a region.

Supervisory control theory for designing transaction processes; a formal methods contribution.

The title clearly indicates a technical study of transaction processes rather than research itself.

Formal methods paper on designing communicating transaction processes; CS systems design, not metaresearch.

Allelopathy and salt tolerance bioassay in mangroves; plant physiology, and the new bioassay is a domain method.

The title indicates a plant allelopathy and bioassay study, but the abstract is missing.

Plant allelopathy and salt-tolerance bioassay methods; domain plant biology, abstract missing.

Evolutionary biology study of MHC-associated mate choice in mandrills; the object is animal reproduction.

This study examines mate choice and genetics in mandrills, not research practice.

Evolutionary biology of MHC-associated mate choice in mandrills.

Tutorial survey of automatic differentiation and its use in optimization software; a numerical technique, not research practice.

The work discusses automatic differentiation as a computational technique, not research practice.

Survey of automatic differentiation for optimization software; object is a computational technique, not research practice.

In vitro efficacy of medical grade honey against multidrug-resistant organisms; 'validation' here is laboratory antimicrobial testing, and the object is wound treatment.

The study tests medical honey against resistant organisms, not research itself.

Clinical microbiology efficacy of medical-grade honey against pathogens; therapeutic domain.

Placebo-controlled trial of bovine colostrum on gut permeability during exercise.

This randomized exercise study evaluates bovine colostrum effects rather than research practice.

Exercise-physiology RCT-style study of colostrum and GI permeability under heat stress.

Computer vision method for texture feature extraction from texture spectrum; an image analysis technique.

The work develops texture feature extraction methods for image analysis, not a study of research.

Computer vision texture feature extraction; method use, not study of research.

Theoretical physics comparing three models of magneto-hydrodynamic free-convection flow; the object is a physical model.

The work models magnetohydrodynamic flow and does not study research practice.

Mathematical physics of magneto-hydrodynamic free-convection flows; domain engineering science.

Ultrasound kidney-to-aorta ratio in dogs; a veterinary measurement study, with 'reproducibility' in the assay sense.

This evaluates a veterinary ultrasound measurement method, not research methodology as an object.

Veterinary ultrasound method for canine renal size; measurement reproducibility is assay sense, not metaresearch.

Re-evaluation of ecological evidence about sea otter decline; the object is an ecological hypothesis, not research practice.

The review evaluates ecological explanations for sea-otter population decline.

Ecological re-evaluation of killer whale predation on sea otters; domain wildlife ecology.

Analysis of health status, pain and fatigue among lupus clinical trial patients; uses trial data to answer a clinical question.

The study examines health outcomes and treatment responses in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Clinical analysis of pain/fatigue PROs in SLE trial patients; domain outcomes, not study of research methods.

Mouse genetics of hematopoiesis in Fanconi anemia models.

The study examines gene deficiencies and disease phenotypes in mice.

Mouse genetics of Fanconi anemia and superoxide dismutase; biomedical disease model.

Study of the optimal number of biopsies to detect intestinal metaplasia; a clinical sampling protocol, not a research method.

It evaluates a clinical biopsy protocol for detecting intestinal metaplasia.

Clinical comparator study of detecting intestinal metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus.

Molecular biology of transglutaminase crosslinking in the Drosophila gut.

The study investigates insect gut biology and bacterial toxins, not research itself.

Drosophila gut barrier biology against bacterial toxins; domain immunology/microbiology.

Design of a parallel genetic algorithm; a computational tool for optimization, not a study of research practice.

It develops a computational algorithm for optimization rather than studying research methods or practice.

Computer science algorithm design for parallel genetic algorithms, not metaresearch on how research is done.

Modeling of ice-sheet response during Heinrich event 1; paleoclimate science.

The work models the climate and ice-sheet dynamics of a Heinrich event rather than research itself.

Paleoclimate modeling of Heinrich event 1 ice-sheet dynamics; earth system science.

Lactoferrin effects on Langerhans cells and cutaneous inflammation; immunology.

This biomedical experiment studies lactoferrin and inflammation rather than research methodology.

Biomedical study of lactoferrin effects on Langerhans cells and cutaneous inflammation.

Letter to the editor about a specific radiation oncology paper; no abstract, and the correspondence concerns a clinical study rather than research practice.

A letter responding to another article is contextual scholarly communication.

Letter to the editor responding to a clinical paper, contextual correspondence under the rubric.

Review of knowledge management implementations in organizations and educational units; organizational knowledge management, not the information behavior of researchers or research infrastructure.

The review concerns knowledge-management implementation rather than how research is conducted or communicated.

Organizational knowledge-management implementation review in education and projects, not research systems.

Conference poster on rehabilitation service utilization and satisfaction among children with language impairment; health services research, not metaresearch.

The work concerns rehabilitation services for children with language impairment.

Poster on pediatric rehab service use for language impairment; clinical/services research, not metaresearch.

Forest ecology study of precipitation frequency and interannual soil respiration; the object is an ecosystem process.

This ecological study examines soil respiration and precipitation in a forest plantation, not research itself.

Forest ecology study of soil respiration and precipitation; environmental domain.

Engineering analysis of optical fiber coupler dynamics; abstract absent but the title is unambiguous.

The title indicates an engineering study of optical-fiber dynamics, not metaresearch.

Engineering dynamics of an optical fiber coupler, domain technical work.

Compares hydrological and hydrobiological methods for estimating instream reserved flow; the object is a water-management estimation problem, not research practice.

The study evaluates ecological flow-management methods for salmon habitat rather than research practice.

Applies hydrological and habitat models to environmental flow in a New Brunswick stream; domain water science.

Bare erratum to an engineering viscosity correlation; a correction attached to domain work rather than to the metaresearch ecosystem.

This is an erratum, a contextual correction explicitly mapped as T3.

Erratum/correction record; T3 mapped correction, not pooled analytic metaresearch.

Machine learning algorithm for updating heuristic evaluation functions in game tree search.

It develops a machine-learning algorithm for chess evaluation.

AI algorithm for learning from game-tree search is computer science, not research studies.

Photochemistry of a micellar photogalvanic cell for solar energy conversion; the object is a device.

The work studies solar-cell performance, not research methods or the research system.

Experimental photochemistry and solar cell performance; domain science, not metaresearch.

Meta-analysis of randomized trials of pemetrexed in non-small-cell lung cancer; a synthesis method used to answer a clinical question, the paradigm OUT case in the rubric.

The meta-analysis answers a clinical treatment question rather than studying how meta-analyses are done.

Clinical meta-analysis of pemetrexed for lung cancer; method used to answer a treatment question.

Audio fingerprinting algorithm; a signal-processing contribution in its own domain.

The work develops an audio fingerprinting algorithm rather than studying research practice.

Domain CS work on an audio fingerprinting algorithm; object is signal processing, not research practice.

Isolation of a new sterol from a plant and antimicrobial testing of the extract; the object is natural product chemistry.

The work studies a sterol and antimicrobial activity in a plant extract, not research practice.

Natural-product isolation and antimicrobial testing of a plant sterol; phytochemistry.

Economic history of birth order, migration, and parental human capital investment in pre-modern England; the object is historical household behavior.

The study examines parental human-capital investments in pre-modern England, not the research system.

Economic history of parental human-capital investment in pre-modern England; not about scientific research.

Genomics study of the pseudoautosomal region on frog sex chromosomes.

It investigates frog sex chromosomes, not research itself.

Genetics of frog sex chromosomes; organismal biology, not research methods or system.

Marine ecology experiment on epibenthic settlement; domain science.

This ecological study examines marine assemblage settlement, not research.

Marine ecology experiment on epibenthic settlement; title unambiguously domain science despite missing abstract.

Compares three frailty conceptualizations for predicting outcomes in home-care clients; uses the comparison to answer a clinical prediction question.

It examines frailty prediction for home-care clients, not research itself.

Compares frailty constructs to predict home-care outcomes; clinical geriatrics, not research methods.

Survey of post-fracture osteoporosis management; the object is clinical care quality, not research practice.

The study evaluates osteoporosis follow-up in patients, not research practice.

Clinical survey of post-fracture osteoporosis care; object is patient management, not research practice.

Hidden semi-Markov models applied to panther GPS data; a statistical method used to answer an ecology question.

This study applies a statistical model to animal movement and does not study research practice.

Wildlife ecology study of Florida panther movement modes; object is animal behaviour, not research practice.

Labour economics paper on immigrants' within-firm upward mobility; domain research.

This work concerns immigration and workplace mobility, not research.

Labour/immigration mobility paper; empty abstract but title is firm careers, not the research workforce.

Abstract algebra result on uniquely clean rings; pure mathematics.

This is a mathematical study of ring structures, not research practice or the research system.

Pure ring theory in algebra; mathematics of clean rings, not a study of research practice.

Discourse analysis of prosody in intercultural communication involving power differences; no abstract, and the stated object is interactional communication rather than research practice, though the venue is science-education/STS adjacent.

It studies prosody and communication involving power differences, not research practice.

Title-only prosody and intercultural communication study; no evidence the object is research practice.

Political analysis of missile defense as a technopolitical governance instrument; technology and security politics, not scientific knowledge production.

It analyzes missile defense as a geopolitical governance technology.

IR/security analysis of Euro-Atlantic missile defence, not science studies.

Development of a chlorotoxin bioconjugate for intraoperative cancer visualization; the object is an imaging agent.

It develops an optical cancer-imaging agent, not a study of research.

Cancer imaging bioconjugate (tumor paint); translational oncology tool, not research-on-research.

Financial audit fees and managerial incentives in mutual funds; 'audit' here is financial, not research evaluation.

The study examines audit fees and managerial incentives in mutual funds, not research practice.

Accounting study of mutual-fund audit fees and managerial incentives; financial audit, not research integrity.

Survey of job satisfaction factors among employees of an electricity distribution firm; organizational behavior outside the research workforce.

It studies employee job satisfaction in an electricity firm, not research itself.

Organizational psychology case study of job satisfaction in an electricity firm.

Nutrition education study on motivating vegetable preparation for family dinners.

The title identifies a nutrition and family-dinner study, not research itself.

Nutrition/behavior title on motivating vegetable preparation for family dinners.

Clinical review of managing metabolic and morphologic abnormalities in HIV; the object is patient management.

The review addresses clinical management of HIV-associated abnormalities rather than research methodology.

Clinical evaluation and management of HIV-associated metabolic abnormalities.

Item about a 4-H youth food program; abstract absent, and nothing indicates research is the object.

The title suggests a food-related program or activity, but the missing abstract prevents precise genre assessment.

Nutrition-education title with no abstract; no indication the object is research practice.

Qualitative study of weight-control behaviour among rural women; domain health research.

This qualitative study examines weight control among rural women, not research.

Qualitative public-health study of weight control among rural women.

Clinical question-and-answer piece on emergency contraception options for adolescents; the object is patient care.

The article provides clinical guidance on emergency contraception rather than studying research practice.

Clinical Q&A on emergency contraception options for adolescents.

Case study of a Quebec feminist activist group; social movement research.

This studies a feminist social movement rather than research itself.

Case study of a Quebec feminist alter-globalization group; social-movement research, not metaresearch.

Synthesis and characterization of luminescent organoboron compounds; chemistry.

The study synthesizes and characterizes new organoboron compounds.

Synthesis and luminescence of organoboron compounds; domain chemistry.

Mixed-methods study of fear and symptoms in heart failure patients; the remark on the value of mixed methods is incidental to a clinical object.

This mixed-methods study examines patient experiences in heart failure rather than research practice.

Clinical mixed-methods study of fear and symptoms in end-stage heart failure patients.