The field’s boundary is not a line. It is a region.

Descriptor for a multi-robot localization and mapping dataset; sharing a domain benchmark dataset is doing research, not studying data sharing, so it falls outside the metaresearch ecosystem despite being a resource paper.

The paper presents a robotics dataset for use in research but does not study research infrastructure itself.

Robotics multi-robot localization and SLAM dataset for domain algorithms, not research practice.

Mathematical model of cell signal transduction in a 3D domain; a mathematical-biology question.

It presents a model of cellular signaling, not research practice.

Mathematical model of cell signal transduction; domain computational biology.

Astrophysical study of star formation in the Lupus clouds.

The article studies star formation in molecular clouds, not the conduct of research.

Astrophysics of star formation in Lupus clouds, domain science.

Laboratory technique paper on isolated digestive-gland cells in molluscs; a bench method, not research methodology as an object of study.

This work uses isolated cells to study gastropod physiology, not research methods as an object.

Mollusc physiology methods paper using digestive-gland cells; domain biology despite 'study of' phrasing.

Review of transcriptional repression in plant development; plant molecular biology.

This review concerns plant transcription biology, not the practice or system of research.

Plant molecular biology review of transcriptional repression; title unambiguously domain research.

FES kinases in oncogenic FLT3 signaling; cancer cell biology.

The title indicates a cancer-biology study, not research itself, but the abstract is missing.

Biomedical paper on FES kinases in oncogenic FLT3 signaling; title is unambiguous domain biology.

Baroclinic instability column model in atmospheric dynamics; a geophysical fluid-dynamics question.

This analyzes atmospheric instability and meteorological models, not research practice.

Atmospheric dynamics analysis of baroclinic instability modes; domain geophysical fluid dynamics.

Structural testing of concrete-filled FRP tube sections; civil engineering.

The study tests the structural performance of concrete-filled composite members.

Structural engineering tests of composite beam systems; domain construction research.

Biomedical engineering paper proposing a model-based algorithm for oscillometric blood pressure estimation; the object is a device measurement method.

It reviews biomedical blood-pressure estimation algorithms, not research methodology.

Biomedical engineering of oscillometric blood-pressure algorithms; clinical measurement, not research practice.

Laser physics study of the physical origin of nanograting formation in fused silica; the object is a material process.

This physics study explains nanograting formation in fused silica, not research methodology.

Laser physics study of nanograting formation on fused silica.

Technical review of proteomic laboratory approaches for brain research; a review of bench techniques in a domain, not of research practice, though abstract is absent.

The title suggests a review of proteomic methods applied to brain research, but the missing abstract prevents a clear metaresearch determination.

Title indicates domain proteomic methods applied to brain and neuropharmacology, not study of research practice.

Software implementation of a stochastic hydrologic time series generator; a domain modeling tool, not scholarly research infrastructure.

The paper presents a hydrologic time-series generator rather than studying research practice.

Hydrologic time-series software tool; uses computing for domain data, does not study research infrastructure as such.

Analysis of industrial unionism and collective bargaining in Nigeria; the object is an industrial relations system.

The paper analyzes industrial unionism and collective bargaining in Nigeria, not research itself.

Industrial relations and unionism in Nigeria; labor studies domain.

Book review of a linguistics volume; criticism of one book, not a study of research.

The item is a bibliographic review of a language-contact book and does not study research itself.

Bibliographic book notice on Romance–Germanic language contact; linguistics, not study of research practice.

Lipid biology of dysfunctional HDL in atherosclerosis; abstract absent but the title is unambiguous.

It studies lipid biology and atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice.

Title is clear domain atherosclerosis/lipid research despite missing abstract.

Population genetics of hybridizing Mexican oaks using RAPD markers.

It studies genetic differentiation and hybridization in Mexican oak populations.

Population genetics of hybridizing oaks is domain evolutionary biology.

Registry study of delay to hospital presentation in acute coronary disease; abstract absent but the title is unambiguous.

It studies delays in hospital presentation among patients with acute coronary disease.

Title indicates clinical study of delay to hospital in ACS; missing abstract does not change object.

Food science on particulate effects on cocoa butter microstructure and fat crystal growth; the object is a food material.

The study investigates chocolate microstructure and fat crystal growth, not research practice.

Title indicates food science on chocolate microstructure; not research-as-object.

Theoretical cosmology of oscillon field configurations.

It studies cosmological field configurations, not research itself.

Theoretical cosmology of oscillon field configurations in an expanding universe; pure physics.

Drug review of donepezil in vascular dementia; abstract absent but the title is unambiguously a clinical therapeutics topic.

The clinical treatment title does not indicate metaresearch, but the abstract is missing.

Title indicates a clinical drug review of donepezil in vascular dementia; no abstract.

Economics paper on Nash equilibria of monetary policy rules.

It develops mathematical models of monetary policy equilibria, not research itself.

Monetary policy game-theory model of instrument rules; economics domain, not research systems.

Literary and philosophical criticism of Charles Bernstein's libretto.

The article provides literary and philosophical interpretation rather than metaresearch.

Literary and philosophical reading of Bernstein, not research practice.

News commentary on Romanian health care financing; the object is a health system, not research.

The title and available abstract concern Romanian health-care financing, not research itself.

News-style commentary on Romanian healthcare financing collapse, not research systems or practice.

Content analysis of brand-related user-generated content across social platforms; a marketing question.

The object is brand-related consumer communication on social media, not research itself.

Marketing study of brand-related social media content; object is consumer communication, not research.

Commentary arguing that WHO should treat sexual orientation as a social determinant of health; a health-policy argument rather than a study of research practice.

It advocates a change in health-equity policy concerning sexual orientation, not research practice or governance.

Public-health policy argument to include sexual orientation in WHO social determinants; not research-system policy.

Clinical study of radiation toxicity and local recurrence in advanced oropharynx cancer; a treatment outcome question.

The title describes clinical outcomes in oropharyngeal cancer rather than research itself.

Clinical oncology title on radiation toxicities and recurrence; domain medicine with thin metadata.

Survey of managerial values and minority hiring preferences; the workplace, not the research workforce.

The study examines managerial values and hiring preferences in India.

Managerial values and hiring preferences under Indian affirmative action is HR/management research, not metaresearch.

Philosophical analysis of the concept of care in nursing via Levinas; disciplinary theory, not a study of research practice.

The article develops a philosophical account of care in nursing.

Philosophical account of care via Levinas for nursing; nursing ontology, not research about research.

Engineering design of a terahertz biosensor.

This develops a terahertz biosensor, with the object being an engineering device rather than research.

Engineering paper proposing a terahertz biosensor device design.

Cell-biology study of Bmper endocytic regulation of Bmp signaling; the object is a molecular mechanism.

The study investigates molecular signaling mechanisms rather than how research is conducted or communicated.

Molecular cell-biology study of Bmper and Bmp signaling mechanisms.

Physiology study of hypothalamic resistin and hepatic insulin resistance; the object is a metabolic mechanism.

The study investigates hypothalamic resistin and insulin resistance, not research practice.

Physiology study of hypothalamic resistin and insulin resistance; biomedical domain.

Letter to the editor arguing about how CONSORT reporting guidance is applied; commentary about research reporting practice, not a study of it.

This letter comments on CONSORT reporting guidance and research reporting practice.

Letter discussing CONSORT trial-reporting guidance, commentary on research reporting rather than empirical metaresearch.

GIS-coupled numerical model of debris flow; a geohazard modeling contribution.

This study develops and applies a debris-flow simulation model to a geological case.

GIS numerical modelling of debris-flow motion; geohazard engineering, not research about research.

Photocatalysis experiments and review for water purification; chemistry.

This reviews and tests photocatalytic systems for water purification, not evidence-synthesis methodology.

Photocatalysis materials science for water purification.

Agent-based modeling and GIS approach to forest management complexities; the object is forest management.

The study models forest-management complexity, not research itself.

Agent-based modeling of forest management; environmental modeling domain, not research practice.

Mycology study of fatty acid profiles in Pleurotus species; abstract absent but the title is unambiguous.

The title identifies an experimental study of fungal fatty acids, not research itself.

Title is fatty acid profiles of edible fungi; domain food/mycology chemistry.

Empirical modelling of polymer adhesive formulations; materials engineering.

This study models properties of pressure-sensitive adhesives, not research.

Polymer chemistry modelling of pressure-sensitive adhesives.

Feeding trial of fibrolytic enzymes in dairy cows; animal nutrition.

This experiment studies enzyme delivery in dairy cow diets rather than research methodology.

Animal-nutrition experiment adding fibrolytic enzymes to dairy cow diets.

No abstract; pharmacology of endocannabinoid and receptor-mediated behavior in animals.

The study investigates neuropharmacological mechanisms of wet dog shakes.

Neuropharmacology of endocannabinoid and AMPA systems; domain neuroscience (no abstract).

Experimental and finite element analysis of thermoplastic membranes in thermoforming; the object is material behavior.

The study models the thermoforming behavior of plastic membranes, not research practice.

Engineering characterization of thermoplastic membrane mechanical behaviour; domain research.

Encapsulation of cisplatin into thermosensitive liposomes; pharmaceutics.

This pharmaceutical study develops a liposome drug-delivery method and does not study research itself.

Pharmaceutics methods for encapsulating cisplatin in thermosensitive liposomes; drug-delivery science.

AFM-based deposition of gold nanodots; nanoscience technique.

This studies nanoscale gold-dot deposition using atomic force microscopy, not research practice.

Nanofabrication AFM technique; technical 'reproducible deposition' is assay-sense polysemy.

Longitudinal study of formal and informal retail work in Mexico; the object is labor markets.

The paper studies formal and informal labor in Mexico, not research itself.

Labor sociology of formal and informal work in Mexico; not about research systems.

Conceptual paper proposing hypotheses on union strategic planning; the 'research agenda' framing does not make research the object of study.

The paper proposes strategic planning for private-sector unions rather than studying research practice.

Labour-relations research agenda on private-sector unions’ strategic planning; object is unions, not research systems.

Magazine feature on an interdisciplinary approach to low back pain and return-to-work rehabilitation; the object is clinical and occupational care.

The work concerns clinical rehabilitation approaches for low back pain.

Magazine piece on low-back-pain work rehabilitation; clinical occupational health, not research about research.

Remote sensing method for counting trees by species from airborne imagery.

It develops a tree-counting method for forest management, using a method to answer a domain question.

Remote-sensing tree-counting method answers a forestry inventory question.

Comparison of concrete toughness test standards; measurement standards in materials engineering, and the 'reproducibility' language is assay-level, a polysemy trap.

This compares concrete testing standards and measurement results, not research methods as a social or scholarly practice.

Compares engineering materials-test standards for concrete toughness; object is construction materials testing, not research.

Field survey of potato virus incidence and synergistic interactions in Pakistan.

It investigates potato virus infections and interactions, not research itself.

Plant pathology field survey of potato viruses and coinfection synergy.

Computer-science paper on a skew-resistant parallel spatial join algorithm; the object is a database algorithm.

It develops a spatial-join algorithm for computing applications, not a study of research.

Parallel database algorithm for spatial joins; computer systems performance, not scholarly communication.

Analysis of resistance to change in the police as an institution; organizational sociology of policing, not of research.

It analyzes police institutional change and crime rather than research itself.

Criminology analysis of police institutional resistance to reform, not science or research systems.