The field’s boundary is not a line. It is a region.

Immunohistochemical biomarker study in sebaceous gland carcinoma; clinical pathology.

This studies prognostic markers in carcinoma, not research practice.

Clinical oncology study of prognostic markers in periocular sebaceous carcinoma.

Single-laboratory evaluation of variability and quality control procedures for a receptor-binding assay for shellfish toxins; this is analytical assay validation and laboratory QC, the polysemy trap the rubric places OUT, not a study of research practice.

The work evaluates quality control for a specific laboratory assay, not research practice as a social or methodological system.

Single-lab evaluation of assay variability for shellfish toxin detection; food-safety method QC, not metaresearch.

Immunogenetics of NK-cell resistance to cytomegalovirus in mice.

The study concerns immune genetics and cytomegalovirus resistance, not research itself.

Domain immunology genetics of viral resistance, not metaresearch.

Field simulation and measurement in synchronous machines; electrical engineering.

The study models electromagnetic fields and losses in synchronous machines rather than research methods.

Electrical engineering study of fields in synchronous machines; domain engineering.

Theoretical essay relating translation theory to psychoanalytic transference; humanities theory-building, not a study of research practice.

This develops theoretical connections between translation and psychoanalysis, not a study of research itself.

Theory paper linking translation studies to psychoanalytic transference; humanities theory, not research practice.

Systematic review comparing TNF inhibitor monotherapy with combination therapy in psoriatic arthritis; uses synthesis to answer a clinical question.

It synthesizes clinical evidence about psoriasis arthritis treatment, not evidence-synthesis methodology.

Clinical systematic review of TNF inhibitors for PsA; synthesis answers a treatment question.

Review of release scenarios for carbon nanotubes from composites; the object is nanomaterial exposure, not research practice.

The review concerns environmental release scenarios for carbon nanotubes, not research practices.

Environmental/materials exposure assessment of CNT composites, not research practice.

Demographic analysis of the sex gap in Canadian life expectancy; Canada is the setting, not the research system.

It studies mortality and life expectancy patterns in Canada, not the Canadian research system.

Demographic analysis of sex differences in Canadian life expectancy; population health, not the research system.

Survey of internal control and financial audit effectiveness in Jordanian firms; 'audit' here is accounting, not research assessment.

This study examines corporate internal controls and audit effectiveness, not research practice.

Corporate internal-control and audit-program effectiveness in Jordanian firms; business auditing, not research integrity or research evaluation.

Experimental atmospheric chemistry on photodecomposition of methylmercury; the object is a chemical process.

This is an environmental chemistry experiment about methylmercury in atmospheric waters, not research practice.

Environmental chemistry experiment on methylmercury photodecomposition; domain science, not research as object.

Economics study of the organizational costs of price adjustment; abstract absent but the title is unambiguous.

The title identifies an economics study of price adjustment costs, not research practice.

Title concerns organizational costs of price adjustment in firms; economics domain, no abstract.

Philosophical dialogue on Being within the human becoming school of nursing; the object is nursing practice/philosophy, not research.

It discusses philosophical ideas in nursing practice, not research itself.

Nursing philosophy dialogue on Being and practice; clinical theory, not study of research systems.

Development of a cross-coupling catalyst; synthetic chemistry.

This evaluates chemical catalysts for a cross-coupling reaction, not research itself.

Synthetic organometallic catalysis for biaryl cross-coupling; domain chemistry.

Astrophysics paper proposing a measurement technique for interstellar magnetic fields; a domain measurement method, not research methodology as an object.

The paper proposes a method for measuring interstellar magnetic fields, not a study of research methods.

Astrophysics method for measuring interstellar magnetic fields.

Study of apoptosis regulatory proteins in skeletal muscle of tumor-bearing rabbits; the object is cachexia biology.

The study examines apoptosis in tumor-bearing rabbits, not research practice.

Biomedical study of apoptosis proteins in tumor-bearing rabbits; laboratory biology.

Clinical case reports of spinal artery aneurysms with a literature review.

The review concerns treatment strategies for spinal artery aneurysms rather than evidence-synthesis methodology.

Clinical case series and literature review of spinal artery aneurysms; domain neurosurgery.

Generative probabilistic models for face recognition; computer vision.

The study develops probabilistic models for face recognition.

Probabilistic face-identity models for recognition algorithms; computer vision application, not research studies.

Performance analysis of MIMO wireless systems; the 'methods' are engineering analysis techniques, not research methods.

The study analyzes error performance in wireless communication systems.

Performance analysis of MIMO wireless systems; communications engineering.

Molecular physiology study of glucose transporter genes in Atlantic cod; the object is fish metabolism.

The study examines glucose transporter expression and starvation responses in Atlantic cod.

Fish physiology of GLUT transporters and starvation in Atlantic cod.

Develops an AHP/fuzzy-logic crane safety index for construction sites; the object is site safety, not research.

The study develops a construction-crane safety index and does not study research practice.

Construction-site crane safety index using AHP and fuzzy logic; occupational safety domain.

New probabilistic data association filter for target tracking; a signal-processing algorithm.

This paper develops a target-tracking algorithm and does not study research practice.

Signal-processing filter for multistatic target tracking; engineering domain research.

Management study of how small incumbent firms respond to disruptive business model innovation; the object is firm behavior.

The study examines business responses to disruptive innovation, not research itself.

Entrepreneurship theory of incumbent firms responding to disruptive business-model innovation.

Encyclopedia entry on the Sword of Moses, an ancient Jewish magical treatise; a historical reference item.

The work describes a historical Jewish magical treatise, not research.

Encyclopedia entry on an ancient Jewish magic treatise; historical humanities, not metaresearch.

Philosophical logic on slingshot arguments about facts and propositions; not about research practice.

This is a philosophical analysis of arguments about facts and propositions, not research itself.

Analytic philosophy of logic/propositions and definite descriptions, not contemporary research practice.

High-precision photometry technique for exoplanets; an astronomy methods and instrumentation contribution.

This studies exoplanet observation technology and photometry, not research practice.

Domain astronomy methods paper on exoplanet photometry instrumentation and observing practice.

Lipin proteins and adiposity in mice; metabolic biology.

This studies lipin proteins and adiposity in mice, not research itself.

Mouse genetics of lipin enzymes and adiposity; domain metabolism biology.

Seismic vulnerability analysis of a masonry building; structural engineering.

This evaluates seismic vulnerability of masonry buildings rather than research practice.

Civil/earthquake engineering analysis of masonry seismic vulnerability.

Ornithological study of ornament variation in Crested Auklets; the object is sexual selection.

The study examines ornamental variation in auklets rather than research practice.

Ornithological study of Crested Auklet ornaments; organismal biology.

Biochemistry study of calcium-binding protein 39 and SPAK kinase dimerization; molecular signalling.

It investigates molecular kinase interactions, not research itself.

Molecular cell biology of SPAK/OSR1 kinase dimers and Cab39; domain biochemistry.

Clinical epidemiology of family history and mortality in coronary artery disease; abstract absent but the title is unambiguous.

It studies family history and mortality risk in coronary artery disease.

Family history and CAD mortality is clinical epidemiology despite empty abstract.

Natural products chemistry paper isolating indole alkaloid artifacts from Rauvolfia; the object is phytochemistry.

The paper reports the isolation and evaluation of natural products from a plant genus.

Natural-products chemistry of alkaloids from Rauvolfia.

Validation of T-bet positive lymphoid cells as a prognostic biomarker in breast cancer; 'validation' here is clinical biomarker confirmation, the polysemy trap, and the object is prognosis.

The term validation refers to confirming a cancer biomarker's prognostic association, not studying research validation practices.

Clinical biomarker validation of T-bet+ cells for breast-cancer prognosis; polysemy of validation, domain oncology.

Computational chemistry study of substituent effects in gas-phase reactions.

The study examines chemical reaction mechanisms rather than research methods or institutions.

Computational chemistry of gas-phase reactions, domain science.

Review of strigolactone signalling in mycorrhizal symbiosis; the object is plant biology.

The review addresses plant signaling and rhizosphere interactions rather than research practice.

Plant–fungal symbiosis and strigolactone biology review.

Longitudinal clinical cohort study of emphysema progression in COPD.

This prospective study examines emphysema progression and clinical biomarkers, not research.

Longitudinal clinical COPD/emphysema study, not metaresearch.

Book chapter on gas permeation through sulfonated polyphenylene oxide membranes; a materials science topic.

The technical title and missing abstract do not indicate that the object is research itself.

Materials-science study of gas permeation through sulfonated polyphenylene oxide.

Book review of a film history monograph on the invention of light synchronous cinema at the National Film Board; the object is filmmaking technique and cinema history.

This is a review of a book about filmmaking history, not research practice.

Book notice/review of a cinema history volume; commentary, not study of research.

Literary criticism of Margaret Laurence's The Diviners; the object is a novel.

This literary analysis interprets Margaret Laurence's fiction and does not study research practice.

Literary criticism of Margaret Laurence’s novel; humanities domain analysis.

Essay on food system crises and planning in British Columbia; Canadian in subject but about agriculture, not the research system.

The article analyzes agriculture, food security, and planning in Canada rather than the Canadian research system.

Food-system and agricultural crisis analysis in BC/Canada; object is food security, not the research system.

Political science study of women's representation in Canada's Parliament; the Canadian political system, not the research system.

It studies women's political representation in Canada, not the Canadian research system.

Political science study of women’s representation in the Canadian parliament, not the Canadian research system.

Descriptive record of a landscape architecture project in Montreal.

It describes an urban landscape-design project.

Landscape architecture description of Parc Hydro-Québec, not research.

Discussion of urban heat islands and the landscape architect's role; urban design and climate.

This work studies urban heat islands and landscape interventions, not the research system.

Urban landscape design against heat islands in Montreal; object is climate/urban planning, not research practice.

Physiology study of cAMP-mediated inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in rat skeletal muscle.

It studies cellular signaling and proteolysis in rat muscle, not research methods or the research system.

Domain muscle physiology and UPS regulation in rats, not a study of research practice.

Isolation of a cytotoxic alkaloid from a plant; natural-product chemistry.

The study isolates and tests plant compounds for cytotoxicity, not research itself.

Natural-product chemistry isolation of a cytotoxic alkaloid; domain biomedical chemistry.

No abstract; title indicates automation of a radiotherapy dose-accumulation workflow for clinical quality improvement.

This work concerns automation of a clinical dose-accumulation workflow, not research practice.

Missing abstract; title indicates clinical radiotherapy dose-workflow automation for care quality improvement.

Survey of organizational justice and commitment among hospital employees; organizational behavior.

The study examines organizational justice and commitment among healthcare employees.

Organizational justice and commitment among hospital employees; workplace psychology, not research systems.

Neuroimaging study of personality traits and striatal dopamine receptor availability.

It studies personality traits and dopamine receptor availability in humans, not research itself.

Title-only neuroscience study of dopamine receptors and personality; domain brain research.

News item on NHS budget overspend; health system finance, not research.

The article reports NHS financial deficits and does not study research or its ecosystem.

News item on NHS budget overspend; health-system finance, not research practice.

Piece on whether the Internet can help build a connected church; the object is religious communication, not research.

The title concerns the relationship between churches and the Internet, not research itself, but the abstract is missing.

Title concerns church and internet use, not research practice; missing abstract limits judgment.

Clinical review of neurally adjusted ventilatory assist in newborns; the object is a ventilation modality.

The review concerns neonatal respiratory treatment rather than methodology of research synthesis.

Clinical review of neonatal non-invasive ventilation; title alone is domain medicine.