The field’s boundary is not a line. It is a region.

Conceptual mapping of the notion of social acceptability in management; the object is a business/social concept, not research practice.

It studies social acceptability and Hydro-Québec relations, not the Canadian research system.

Conceptualizes social acceptability of firms and communities; management/STS of industry, not of research.

Analysis of a philanthropic anti-poverty initiative in Montreal; social policy, not research.

The article analyzes philanthropic approaches to poverty reduction, not research practice.

Critical analysis of philanthropy and local poverty policy in Montreal; social policy, not research practice.

No abstract; question about the appropriateness of clinical laboratory reference limits for ALT in children; clinical chemistry.

The title indicates a clinical study of pediatric liver-injury reference limits.

Clinical question on pediatric ALT reference limits for liver injury; laboratory medicine, not methods research (no abstract).

Environmental study of recoupling dairy feedlots and farmlands to reduce the impacts of milk production in China.

It studies environmental impacts of dairy production systems, not research itself.

Environmental assessment of dairy manure coupling in China; agricultural production, not research.

Finance study of which corporate social responsibility dimensions drive firm value in oil and gas; the object is firm valuation.

This study analyzes corporate social responsibility and firm value in the oil and gas industry, not research practice.

Business study of CSR dimensions and firm value in oil and gas; corporate finance object.

Book chapter on the Canadian social union and federal social policy from a Quebec perspective; the object is federalism and social policy, not the research system.

The chapter analyzes Canadian federal social governance rather than the Canadian research system.

Analysis of Canadian federal social-union politics; social policy, not the research system as object.

In vitro study of crown design and material on chipping resistance of all-ceramic molar crowns; the object is dental materials.

The study tests dental crown materials rather than research itself.

In vitro dental materials study of crown chipping resistance; clinical materials science.

Letter about HIV prevention and healthcare access for migrants; a public health commentary, not a study of research.

This commentary discusses HIV prevention and healthcare access among migrants, not research practice.

Public-health commentary on HIV testing access for migrants, not a study of research itself.

Historical biogeography of lungworms in ungulates; parasitology and systematics.

The title indicates a study of parasite biogeography and host colonization, not research itself.

Parasitology biogeography of Varestrongylus lungworms; domain biology, title clear without abstract.

Survey of teachers on principals' transformative leadership; educational management.

The study examines teachers' acceptance of transformative leadership, not research practice.

Survey of teachers’ acceptance of principals’ transformative leadership; education administration.

Longitudinal study of arterial lesions in giant cell arteritis; a clinical disease question.

The title indicates a clinical study of arterial lesions rather than research itself.

Clinical longitudinal study of giant cell arteritis; medical object, title clear enough despite no abstract.

Neuroimaging study of patients with SYNE1 ataxia; clinical neuroscience.

The abstract is missing and the title alone indicates a clinical neuroimaging study rather than research about research.

Clinical neuroimaging of SYNE1 ataxia; medical domain study with empty abstract but unambiguous title.

Essay on populism and Italian elections; a political-science topic.

It analyzes populism and Italian politics rather than the research system.

Political commentary on Italian populism and democracy, not research systems.

Book review of an ethnomusicology monograph.

This is a book review about South African music and culture, not research itself.

Music book notice/review about South African aesthetics, not metaresearch.

Book review essay on Quebec interculturalism and secularism; the object is political and cultural debate.

This is a book review and therefore contextual material.

Book review on Quebec interculturalism/laicity; political-cultural commentary, empty abstract.

Climate modeling of wind driven rain risk to built heritage; a domain science question.

The study models wind-driven rain and risks to built heritage.

Climate/heritage science on wind-driven rain risk to UK buildings; object is built heritage exposure, not research.

Agronomy experiment on the mineral composition of hydroponic lettuce grown with wastewater.

It studies mineral composition in hydroponically grown lettuce, not research practice.

Agricultural hydroponics study of lettuce mineral composition with wastewater.

Forest ecology study of litterfall and nutrient return in a Cameroon rainforest; the object is nutrient cycling.

The study examines litterfall and nutrient cycling in a Cameroonian rainforest, not research practice.

Forest ecology of litterfall and nutrients in Cameroon; environmental domain study.

Animal experiment on neonatal stress and medullary microglia.

It experimentally studies microglia in rat pups rather than research practice.

Basic neuroscience of neonatal stress and medullary microglia in rats, not research-on-research.

Crystal structure of a potassium channel domain; structural biology.

The study reports a crystal structure and biological implications of a potassium channel.

Crystal structure of a potassium channel domain is structural biology domain research.

Management symposium on how experts and professionals (lawyers, engineers, artists) interface with external audiences; adjacent to the sociology of expertise but the object is professional work in organizations rather than research.

It examines expert work across professions, not research as a social or methodological system.

Organizational symposium on professionals facing external audiences; expertise in firms generally, not scientific research as the object.

No abstract; variance-reduction techniques for option pricing, i.e. a computational method in finance rather than a study of research practice.

This concerns mathematical methods for financial option pricing, not research itself.

Financial mathematics on control variates for option pricing under a title that is domain-clear.

Essay on representations and legitimacy of French spoken in Ontario; the object is language attitudes, with only a passing call for better linguistic description.

It analyzes representations and legitimacy of French spoken in Ontario.

Sociolinguistic essay on representations of spoken French in Ontario, not the research system.

Devonian stratigraphy and geochemistry of anoxic horizons in NW Canada; the object is geological history.

This geological study investigates Devonian anoxic events in northwestern Canada, not research practice.

Devonian stratigraphy and anoxic events of the Horn River Group; earth science domain.

ASCO endorsement of a clinical practice guideline for localized prostate cancer; a position document about clinical care, not about research practice.

The article endorses a prostate cancer clinical guideline and does not study research itself.

Clinical practice guideline endorsement for prostate cancer care, not study of research methods or systems.

Mouse study of exercise-enhanced remyelination; neuroscience.

This is a biomedical experiment on exercise and remyelination, not a study of research practice.

Neuroscience mouse study of exercise-enhanced remyelination mechanisms.

Dissertation benchmarking neural networks with SVM output layers; machine learning.

It evaluates neural-network classifiers on benchmark datasets, not research methodology as an object.

Machine-learning dissertation comparing neural nets and SVMs on image benchmarks; method use, not research about research.

Literary criticism of The Great Gatsby; humanities scholarship.

It provides literary and cultural analysis of The Great Gatsby and its adaptations, not research itself.

Literary analysis of race and mediation in The Great Gatsby adaptations; humanities criticism.

Book review of a monograph on national manhood and the creation of modern Quebec; the object is Quebec social history.

This is a book review about Quebec history and masculinity, not metaresearch.

Bare bibliographic notice of a history book; commentary/listing, not metaresearch.

Study of behaviour change strategies among gambler subtypes; abstract absent but the title is unambiguous.

The title concerns behavior-change strategies among gamblers, not research itself, but the abstract is missing.

Gambling behaviour-change psychology study; no abstract, but title is clear domain psychology.

Proposal for a workshop study building a requirements-engineering domain model; the object is software development practice, not research practice.

This proposes a requirements-engineering domain model for software stakeholders rather than studying research.

Software requirements-engineering workshop proposal about system-development stakeholders, not scientific research.

Proposed clinical protocol for motor imagery training after stroke; a rehabilitation practice guide.

The article proposes clinical motor-imagery rehabilitation protocols for post-stroke gait.

Motor-imagery protocols for post-stroke gait rehab is clinical rehabilitation practice, not research methods study.

Analysis of brokers and gatekeepers in South African rural anti-poverty programs; development policy.

This article analyzes rural-poverty programs and development policy rather than research practice.

Anthropology/political analysis of development brokers in rural South Africa; development policy, not metaresearch.

Molecular biology review of the transcription factor Kaiso in cancer; the object is cancer biology.

This review concerns molecular mechanisms in cancer, not metaresearch.

Biomedical cancer biology review of transcription factor Kaiso; title is domain, abstract missing.

Study of gender stereotype endorsement and students' academic interests; educational psychology about pupils, not the research workforce, and no abstract.

This study examines gender stereotypes and academic interests, not the research system.

Educational-psychology title on gender stereotypes predicting academic interests; student interests, not research workforce/careers.

Book chapter presenting a demographic profile of Koreans in Canada; a demography topic.

The title identifies a demographic study of Koreans in Canada, not the Canadian research system.

Demographic profile of Koreans in Canada; migration statistics, not the research system.

Book review of a monograph on queer writing pedagogy; the object is teaching, not research practice.

It is a book review about queer teaching and writing, not research practice.

Personal book review of queer pedagogy text; not empirical or conceptual metaresearch.

MRI study of how intraductal carcinoma affects apparent diffusion coefficient values in prostate cancer; a diagnostic imaging question.

The study examines MRI features of prostate cancer, not research itself.

Clinical radiology study of IDC-P and ADC values; prostate cancer domain imaging.

Analysis of Canadian anti-corruption law and corporate soft-law compliance; governance of business, not of research.

This legal analysis concerns international corruption regulation, not research.

Legal analysis of international corruption control and Canadian soft-law tools, not research governance.

Engineering book chapter on multiphase flow in microfluidics; the object is fluid physics.

The chapter presents technical material on multiphase flow, not research itself.

Engineering handbook chapter on multiphase microfluidic flows; domain technical content.

Ethnography of Indigenous representations of geopower in Tulita; disciplinary reflexivity appears only in the framing, the object is the community.

The thesis studies Indigenous representations of geopower, not research or science as a social system.

Indigenous geopolitics ethnography of Tulita; object is geopower and place, not research systems.

No abstract; description of new hominin fossils; paleoanthropology.

The work reports newly discovered Australopithecus fossils.

Paleoanthropological fossil description; domain human evolution (no abstract).

Essay on sexism in the Indian Act toward Indigenous women; legal and social history, not research practice.

This discusses sex discrimination in Canadian Indigenous legislation, not research itself.

Commentary on sexism in the Canadian Indian Act and Indigenous women's rights; legal/social policy, not research systems.

Pharmacology review of cardiac beta3-adrenoceptors in human pathophysiology.

It reviews cardiac receptor physiology and pharmacology, not research practice.

Pathophysiology review of cardiac β3-adrenoceptors; clinical/basic cardiology.

Book chapter on the physical properties of concrete; a materials engineering topic.

The chapter concerns the physical properties of concrete, not research itself.

Title indicates materials chapter on concrete properties; engineering domain.

Film-theory essay on destruction in Ozu's cinema.

This chapter analyzes cinematic technique and destruction, not research.

Film-theory analysis of destruction in Ozu cinema, not scholarly communication research.

Systematic review of total quality management implementation in Saudi manufacturing; the synthesis method is used to answer a management question about firms, not to study research.

The review studies TQM implementation in Saudi manufacturing rather than research practice.

Systematic review of TQM in Saudi manufacturing; uses synthesis methods to answer a management question, not to study research itself.

Study of a high school to teacher education transition program; professional education, not research training.

The study examines transitions between high school and teacher education programs.

Integrated high-school/teacher-education pathway study is education research, not study of scientific research systems.

Critical discourse analysis of transmasculine representation in popular media; the object is media representation.

The paper studies transmasculine representation in popular media and culture.

Media/gender studies of transmasculine representation, not research practice.

Intellectual-history chapter on a Catholic thinker's vision of faith, science and the university; touches the limits of science but is religious intellectual history, not a study of contemporary research practice.

This discusses Catholic intellectuals, faith, science, and the university rather than research practice itself.

Historical-theological discussion of Catholic intellectuals in the modern university, not contemporary research practice.