The field’s boundary is not a line. It is a region.

K-means clustering of crime data to identify high-risk areas; applied data mining.

This applies clustering to criminal data and does not study research itself.

Applied K-means clustering of local crime data for police operations.

French-language book review of a manual on intangible cultural heritage; the object is heritage studies, not research practice.

This is a book review about intangible cultural heritage, not research practice.

Book review of an intangible cultural heritage manual, not research practice.

Antenna engineering paper on a metasurface-based transmit-array; the object is a device design.

This engineering study develops and tests a metasurface antenna, not research practice.

Antenna engineering design of a transmit-array metasurface; applied physics/engineering.

Longitudinal study of psychological well-being in colorectal cancer patients; a clinical question.

This longitudinal study examines psychological well-being among cancer patients rather than research practice.

Longitudinal clinical study of psychological well-being in colorectal cancer patients during COVID-19.

Cross-sectional analysis of water insecurity as a mediator of household food security in Mexico.

It studies household water and food security in Mexico, not research itself.

Public health analysis of water and food security in Mexico, not research practice.

Stub record: the title is a bare DOI and the abstract is empty; the assigned topic (ureteral procedures) indicates clinical medicine, not metaresearch.

The DOI-like title and missing abstract do not establish that the work concerns research itself.

Title is only a DOI with empty abstract; residual medical topic indicates domain clinical content, not study of research.

Malformed record whose title is a bare DOI and which has no abstract; nothing indicates metaresearch but the payload is too thin to judge.

The DOI-only title and missing abstract do not provide enough information to assess the object.

DOI-only title with no abstract; insufficient to identify a metaresearch object.

Malformed placeholder record with a bare DOI title and no content.

It is a DOI metadata notice rather than a study of research.

Title is only a DOI with no abstract; nothing indicates the object is research practice.

Malformed record whose title is a bare DOI with no content.

The record contains only an opaque identifier and no abstract establishing a metaresearch object.

Title is only a DOI string with no abstract; cannot support metaresearch inclusion.

Malformed record whose title is a bare DOI string with no abstract; nothing indicates research is the object of study.

The record contains only an identifier and provides too little information to identify a metaresearch object.

Uninformative DOI-like title and empty abstract; no evidence the work studies research.

Malformed placeholder record with a bare DOI title and no content.

The DOI-only title does not provide enough information to identify the object of study.

DOI-only title with no abstract; cannot establish a metaresearch object of study.

Malformed record whose title is a bare DOI with no content.

The record contains only an opaque identifier and provides no basis for identifying a metaresearch object.

Title is only a DOI string with no abstract; unclassifiable beyond clear non-metaresearch signal.

Malformed record whose title is a bare DOI with no abstract; the indexed topic is cardiac imaging, so nothing suggests metaresearch, but the payload is too thin to judge.

The identifier-like title and missing abstract do not provide enough information for confident classification.

Title is only a DOI with no abstract; cannot establish a metaresearch object.

Malformed record whose title is a bare DOI with no abstract; the indexed topic is sarcoma, so nothing suggests metaresearch, but the payload is too thin to judge.

The record contains only a DOI-like title and no abstract, so its object cannot be established as research itself.

Title is only a DOI string with no abstract; cannot establish metaresearch content.

Malformed record whose title is a bare DOI string with no abstract; no evidence of metaresearch content.

The identifier-only record provides too little information to assess the object of study.

Uninformative DOI-like title and empty abstract; no evidence the work studies research.

Malformed record whose title is a bare DOI string with no abstract; indexed topic is coronary interventions, so nothing suggests metaresearch, but the payload is too thin to judge.

The DOI-only title does not provide enough information to identify a research-related object.

DOI-only title with no abstract; cannot establish a metaresearch object.

Meta-analysis answering a substantive question about parental mentalization; it uses a synthesis method rather than studying one.

This systematic review answers a substantive psychology question about parental mentalization rather than studying evidence synthesis.

Uses systematic review and meta-analysis to answer a parental mentalization question; method vs object.

Cognitive neuroscience study relating memory for details to posterior hippocampal volume; the object is brain-behavior association.

The title describes a neuroscience study of memory rather than research practice.

Title indicates cognitive neuroscience of memory and hippocampal volume; domain research despite missing abstract.

Personal reflective essay about the author's grandfathers and her path to geriatric medicine; a narrative medicine piece with no research-practice object.

The personal essay reflects on family influence and geriatric medicine rather than studying research.

Personal essay on grandfathers’ influence on a path into geriatric medicine; memoir, not research studies.

Field study of food traders' responses to COVID-19 in Tanzania; domain social science.

It studies food traders' responses to COVID-19 in Tanzania, not research itself.

Empirical study of food traders under COVID-19 in Tanzania; food systems research, not research-on-research.

Linguistic analysis of embodiment and simulated interaction in online stance expression and memes; the object is social media discourse, not research.

The article studies embodiment and stance expression in online discourse, not research itself.

Linguistic and cognitive analysis of stance and simulated interaction in online memes, not research practice.

Civil engineering study of drainage material equivalency; the object is geotechnical design, not research practice.

The study examines drainage design and geosynthetic materials, not research practice.

Civil engineering study of drainage-layer equivalency and environmental benefits of geosynthetics; object is design practice, not research itself.

Economics working paper on competition and consumer discrimination with no abstract; the object is a market question.

The title concerns an economics topic rather than research practice.

Economics title on market competition and consumer discrimination; empty abstract, no metaresearch object indicated.

Educational case report on multimodal neuroimaging in presurgical epilepsy workup.

It presents educational epilepsy cases about neuroimaging practice, not research practice.

Educational clinical neuroimaging case reports for epilepsy care, not research practice as object.

Machine learning spatial prediction of soil organic carbon in a Moroccan catchment; the object is soil carbon mapping.

The work predicts soil organic carbon using machine learning, not research practice.

ML prediction of soil organic carbon; environmental domain application, not metaresearch.

Design and rationale paper for a clinical study of redo transcatheter aortic valve implantation; the object is a clinical management question.

This is a clinical study protocol concerning repeat transcatheter valve implantation, not metaresearch.

Clinical study design for redo TAVI valve failure; medical domain, abstract missing.

Pharmacology study of an apelin-13 analog as a potassium current blocker for Brugada syndrome.

It studies a potential cardiac drug analog for Brugada syndrome, not research practice.

Patch-clamp pharmacology of an apelin analog on cardiac currents; biomedical physiology.

Clinical immunology review of immune memory in inflammatory skin disease; abstract absent but the title is unambiguous.

The review concerns immune memory and inflammatory skin disease, not research itself.

Clinical immunology review of immune memory in inflammatory skin disease.

Health services study of prostate cancer treatment at safety net hospitals.

The study examines hospital treatment disparities for prostate cancer, not research itself.

Health-services study of prostate-cancer treatment at safety-net hospitals, clinical care not research.

Preclinical peptide and hydrogel treatment for psoriasis; a therapeutic efficacy question.

The study tests a therapeutic intervention for psoriasis rather than research practice.

Preclinical psoriasis treatment with a schistosome peptide hydrogel; biomedical therapeutics.

Diagnostic accuracy study of optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps; abstract absent, and the reference standard question is clinical rather than metaresearch.

It evaluates diagnostic accuracy for colorectal polyps.

Title is a clinical diagnostic-accuracy study of polyp assessment; empty abstract but object is clinical.

Theoretical cosmology on null energy condition violation.

It derives theoretical constraints on cosmological models.

Theoretical cosmology bounds on NEC violation; object is physics, not research practice.

Astronomical feasibility analysis of quasar pairs for quantum experiments; domain physics.

It investigates astronomical sources and quantum-experiment instrumentation, not research itself.

Astrophysics/quantum-optics feasibility of acausal quasar photon pairs for experiments; domain physics.

Validation of a qPCR assay workflow for oilfield microbial monitoring; assay validation in the laboratory sense (polysemy), not research-methods research.

Here validation refers to an oilfield qPCR workflow, not research reproducibility or methodology.

Industrial qPCR workflow validation for oilfield MIC monitoring; assay validation polysemy, not research integrity.

Signal processing paper on direction-of-arrival estimation with mmWave MIMO radar.

It develops and validates a radar signal-processing method, not a method for studying research.

Signal-processing method for multi-target DoA with mmWave MIMO radar.

Molecular biology study of a proliferative signalling loop in glioblastoma.

It investigates a glioblastoma signaling mechanism, not research methods or the research system.

Molecular cancer biology of a DNA-PK/MYT1L signaling loop in glioblastoma, not research practice.

Randomized controlled trial of body awareness therapy for pain; a trial, not a study of trials.

The trial evaluates body-awareness therapy for musculoskeletal pain.

RCT of body awareness therapy for postmenopausal pain; clinical rehabilitation.

Biomechanics study of how clinicians modulate spinal manipulation force; the object is clinical delivery, not research practice.

The study examines chiropractic manipulation dosage and aging factors, not research practice.

Clinical study of chiropractic force dosage by patient age, not research methods or evaluation.

Proteomic analysis of epileptic brain tissue; a biomedical mechanism question.

The study analyzes sex-specific proteomic differences in epilepsy.

Sex-specific proteomics of epileptic tissue is biomedical disease research, not metaresearch.

Study of clinical governance implementation in healthcare organizations; the object is healthcare quality management, not research practice.

It studies staff empowerment and clinical governance in hospitals, not research itself.

Hospital HR empowerment and clinical governance; healthcare management, not metaresearch.

Biochemistry paper on regulated intramembrane proteolysis of L-selectin in T cells; the object is cell signalling.

The study investigates molecular mechanisms of L-selectin processing in T cells.

Cell/molecular immunology of L-selectin proteolysis after TCR activation.

Editorial calling for change in organ donation policy for sexual and gender minorities; commentary about clinical policy, not about research practice.

This editorial discusses organ donation and minoritized patients rather than research practice.

Opinion editorial on organ donation and gender-minoritized persons; clinical/policy topic, not research practice.

Announcement of a computer vision training dataset for construction sites; a domain dataset, not research-system infrastructure.

The work develops a construction computer-vision dataset rather than studying research infrastructure or practice.

Construction-site computer-vision training dataset for industry monitoring, not research infrastructure as object.

Experimental evolution study of sex-specific selection in Drosophila.

The preprint studies sex-specific selection and genomic divergence in fruit flies, not research practice.

Experimental evolution of sex-separated gene pools in Drosophila; domain evolutionary genetics.

CRISPR-based cancer therapeutic preprint; a biomedical engineering question.

The title indicates a biomedical CRISPR therapeutic project rather than a study of research.

CRISPR therapeutic engineering for cancer; domain biotech title with empty abstract.

Materials engineering study of graphene derivatives in 3D-printed cement.

The study examines cement composite strength, not research methods or the research system.

Materials engineering study of graphene-reinforced 3D-printed cement, a domain technical object.

Analysis of value-chain governance in Ecuadorian food systems; development studies.

The article analyzes governance and food-system performance in Ecuador.

Governance analysis of Ecuadorian food value chains; agri-food systems, not research governance.

Invited engineering talk on advanced numerical modelling to reduce uncertainty in mining design.

It discusses numerical modeling for mining applications, not methods or practices of research.

Mining geomechanics numerical modeling applications; domain engineering methods, not metaresearch.

Characterization of antibacterial activity of a Pseudomonas isolate; microbiology.

This study investigates antibacterial activity and soil microbiomes rather than research itself.

Microbiology study of a Pseudomonas isolate and antibacterial activity, not research as object.

Pedagogical framework for international business education; teaching practice rather than research practice.

The article proposes a framework for international business education and course design.

Pedagogy framework for international business education addresses teaching, not research methods, evaluation, or scholarly communication.