La frontière du domaine n'est pas une ligne. C'est une région.

Pedagogical framework for international business education; teaching practice rather than research practice.

The article proposes a framework for international business education and course design.

Pedagogy framework for international business education addresses teaching, not research methods, evaluation, or scholarly communication.

Chemodynamic modelling of M31's stellar populations; domain astrophysics.

This astronomy study models stellar populations in Andromeda, not research.

Astrophysics modelling of M31 stellar populations and galactic structure.

Piece on Canadians consuming and trusting news less; the object is news media consumption and trust in journalism, not research or trust in science.

The title concerns public trust and appetite for news, not the research system.

Title on declining news appetite and trust among Canadians; journalism/public opinion, not research about research.

New steganography algorithm for hiding data in images; computer security.

The study proposes and evaluates a steganographic data-hiding algorithm.

Steganography algorithm using cover-image replication; security engineering, not research reproducibility.

Polygenic score analysis of maternal mental health symptoms; a substantive genetics question.

The study investigates genetic associations with maternal mental-health symptoms.

Genetic epidemiology of maternal mental health symptoms; clinical/psychiatric genetics object, not metaresearch.

Engineering paper reengineering a CAD-to-CAM digital manufacturing workflow for wood building prefabrication.

It proposes a manufacturing workflow for wood prefabrication, not a method for conducting research.

Manufacturing CAD-to-CAM workflow engineering for wood prefabrication, not research-as-object.

Abstract on the prevalence and predictors of Lp(a) testing after myocardial infarction; clinical practice patterns, not research practice.

It concerns lipoprotein measurement after myocardial infarction, not research itself.

Title-only clinical cardiology abstract on Lp(a) measurement after STEMI; domain medicine.

Administrative law analysis of the judicial standard of review post-Vavilov; 'standard of review' is judicial, not peer review.

The article analyzes administrative-law doctrine, not the research system.

Canadian administrative-law analysis of judicial review standards, not research evaluation or policy of science.

Health record review of precipitating factors and avoidability of 7-day heart failure readmissions; a quality-of-care question about clinical services, not about research.

This health-record audit studies avoidable heart-failure readmissions, not research methodology or governance.

Health-services audit of avoidable heart-failure readmissions; clinical care quality, not research practice.

SDSS-V kinematic mapping of young OB stars in the Milky Way disc; the object is Galactic dynamics.

This astronomical survey analyzes stellar kinematics in the Milky Way, not research itself.

Galactic astronomy of young-star kinematics from SDSS-V; domain astrophysics.

Geophysical survey using ground penetrating radar to detect sinkhole subsidence.

This applies ground-penetrating radar to sinkhole detection, not research practice.

Geotechnical GPR study of sinkhole land subsidence; domain engineering.

Astronomy study of the X-ray properties of dust-obscured galaxies in eROSITA data.

It studies the X-ray properties of dust-obscured galaxies, not research itself.

Astronomy study of X-ray properties of dust-obscured galaxies; domain astrophysics.

Survey of radiology students' perceptions of gender bias in their training at a Chilean university; medical-education equity rather than the research workforce.

It studies gender bias in radiology training, not the research workforce or research practice.

Gender bias in clinical radiology training is medical education equity, not research workforce or research practice.

Correction notice attached to a bibliometric analysis of the brain-stimulation literature in Alzheimer disease; corrections are contextual, though the underlying work is a bibliometric study of a research literature.

This is a correction to a bibliometric article and is contextual rather than part of the analytic corpus.

Published correction notice; corrections are mapped as T3 even if the corrected paper was bibliometric.

Entomology experiment on intraguild predation and aggressiveness.

The study examines predator interactions involving an invasive beetle, not research itself.

Experimental ecology of ladybird intraguild predation; domain entomology.

Biobank study of inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in major depression.

The study examines biological and clinical features of depression rather than research itself.

Clinical epidemiology of inflammation and metabolism in depression, not research methods.

Deep reinforcement learning for microgrid dispatch; engineering.

It develops and evaluates an energy-management algorithm, while code sharing is incidental to the scientific object.

Engineering application of deep reinforcement learning to microgrid energy dispatch.

Trade news item on a trucking labour agreement; not research.

The title indicates a business news item about a labor agreement, not research itself.

Industry news about a labour deal; no research object.

French-language art review of a sculptor's work; not research.

The title suggests an art-related work, but the abstract is missing.

Title-only arts item on Jacinthe Baribeau; no abstract and not about research.

French-language historical piece on Marc Lescarbot as the first historian of New France; history of a seventeenth-century figure, not contemporary research practice.

The title clearly identifies a historical study of Marc Lescarbot, not research practice.

Biographical/historical piece on early modern chronicler Lescarbot; not contemporary research practice.

Book review of a Canadian history volume; criticism of one book, not a study of research.

This is a review of a history book, not a study of research itself.

Book review of Canadian history; Canadian nation history is not the Canadian research system.

Edited linguistics volume on Caucasian, East European, and Inner Asian languages; the object is language structure and history.

This collected volume concerns historical and synchronic linguistics, not research itself.

Linguistics collection on Caucasian and Inner Asian languages; domain scholarship, not metaresearch.

Cellular-automaton simulation of vehicle dynamics in park-and-ride lots; a transportation-engineering question.

This models vehicle movement in park-and-ride facilities, not research practice.

Transportation simulation of park-and-ride vehicle dynamics; traffic engineering, not research.

Agronomy field trials of postemergence herbicide tankmixes in white beans; the object is weed control.

The study evaluates herbicide treatments for white beans rather than research practice.

Agronomic field trials of postemergence herbicides in white bean; crop science.

GBIF occurrence download of bird records for Canada; a biodiversity data export.

The record is a biodiversity occurrence dataset, not a study of research.

Large GBIF bird occurrence download; biodiversity data product, not metaresearch.

Rapid review of training and practice competencies for digital technologies in the public health workforce; the object is professional practitioner training and curricula rather than the research workforce or research practice.

The review addresses public health workforce training competencies rather than evidence synthesis or research practice.

Public health practice workforce digital competencies, not research workforce or metaresearch methods.

Supplementary figure from a systematic review and meta-analysis of greenway interventions; the parent synthesis answers a public health question.

It uses systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the health effects of greenways.

Systematic review/meta-analysis answering whether greenways raise physical activity is domain synthesis.

Antibody characterization report benchmarking commercial antibodies against CSNK2A1 with knockout-controlled protocols; the closest rubric anchor (Western blot protocol reproducibility) puts reagent-level validation OUT, yet such standardized characterization campaigns are explicitly reagent-reproducibility infrastructure, so this sits on the boundary.

The study evaluates antibody performance in laboratory assays rather than research practice itself.

Lab reagent antibody characterization and assay performance; polysemy of validation, not study of research practice.

Spam deposit consisting of camera manual download text; no research content.

This record is a camera manual and not a work about research.

Spam-like camera manual download page; not scholarly metaresearch content.

Spam sports-streaming post deposited as a dataset record; not research.

This record is promotional sports event content and does not study research.

Sports live-stream spam listing, not scholarly metaresearch.

Spam PDF-download posting deposited in a repository; not research.

The record is a spam-like document-download entry about a travel-risk standard.

Spam download landing page for an ISO PDF, not a scholarly work about research.

Deposited heritage photograph of a Belgian parish church interior; not research.

It is a cultural heritage photograph record, not research itself.

Heritage photograph metadata for a Belgian church pulpit; not scholarly research.

Zenodo deposit of a single figure (study-area map) from a mycology paper on fungi associated with bats; no metaresearch content.

This is a figure record describing a biological study area and does not study research itself.

Figure caption on bat-associated filamentous fungi; domain biodiversity content.

Spam movie streaming posting deposited in a repository; no research content.

The record is a spam-like online movie listing and does not study research.

Piracy/streaming spam text, not a research work on research.

Supplementary data file of mass spectrometry results from a veterinary experiment; domain data.

The record is an additional mass-spectrometry data file from a calf experiment.

Supplementary mass-spectrometry data file for a veterinary immunology experiment; domain research artifact.

Supplementary file of a bacterial genome and transcriptome paper; a domain data artifact.

This supplementary file documents genomic and transcriptomic experiments on bacteria rather than studying research practice.

Supplementary figures and tables for a Pseudomonas genomics paper; domain biology supporting material.

A set of 20 photo postcards of the Canadian Rockies; not research.

It is a collection of photographs, not research about research.

Envelope of tourist photo postcards; not scholarly research about research.

Deposited figure showing fungal isolate locations; a data artifact of a domain study.

The record is a figure showing geographic locations of fungal isolates.

Figure caption mapping fungal isolates; ancillary material, not a study of research.

Statistical tables on the physician workforce in British Columbia; a health workforce count, not the research workforce.

This reports changes in the number of physicians in British Columbia, not the research workforce.

Tabular health-workforce statistics on BC physicians; healthcare labour supply, not research workforce.

Fisheries field collection record; a primary data artifact.

The record is a fisheries field specimen record.

Fisheries field specimen record; archival data note, not a study of research.

Archival railway menu from 1927; no research content.

This is an archival railway menu and image record, not a study of research.

Historical Canadian Pacific Railway menu artifact; not research.

Particle physics dataset of pion-proton elastic scattering analyzing powers; the object is nuclear physics.

The dataset contains measurements of pion-proton scattering, not a study of research.

Particle-physics measurement of pion-proton analyzing powers.

Statistics Canada data table on educational attainment and labour force status by Indigenous identity; official statistics about the population, not about the research system.

This dataset reports Canadian Indigenous education and labor statistics, not the Canadian research system.

Statistics Canada labour/education data table on Indigenous populations; not a study of research practice.

Spam/junk deposit (chainsaw parts list text spliced with multiple sclerosis filler); no research content of any kind.

The record is a spam-like technical download entry and does not study research.

Spam or junk download page about chainsaw parts, not scholarly metaresearch.

Spam product-review deposit for keto ACV gummies; not research.

It is promotional supplement content rather than research.

Commercial supplement marketing spam; not scholarly metaresearch.

Taxonomic treatment of a sweat bee species; insect systematics.

It is a taxonomic species description, not a study of research itself.

Taxonomic species account for a bee; natural history nomenclature, not metaresearch.

Taxonomic species description of a sciarid fly; the object is insect systematics.

The work provides a taxonomic description of a fly species.

Taxonomic/species occurrence note for a sciarid fly.

Announcement of a gender, cultures and sexualities seminar series on the exclusion and invisibilization of women creators; the object is cultural recognition and canon formation, not the research system.

This announces a seminar about gender, culture, and sexuality rather than studying research practice.

Seminar series announcement on gender, cultures, and sexualities; not an empirical or conceptual study of research.

Genomic surveillance and clinical comparison of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages; domain epidemiology.

This epidemiological study examines Omicron variants and clinical outcomes in Bangladesh, not research.

Clinical and genomic surveillance of Omicron sublineages in Bangladesh.

Statistics Canada CANSIM data table on alcoholic beverage sales; official economic statistics, not a study of the research system.

The record is a Canadian economic dataset, not a study of the research system.

Statistics Canada alcohol-sales dataset; economic statistics, not the research system.