La frontière du domaine n'est pas une ligne. C'est une région.

A direct replication submitted to the Reproducibility Initiative to independently validate a published result; framed as reproducibility work, though its immediate object is a specific biological claim.

This reports an attempted replication and independent validation of prior experiments, making reproducibility the object of study.

Independent replication attempt submitted to the Reproducibility Initiative; primary object is whether prior results replicate.

Library and information science study using document delivery and serials usage data to guide collection development at Canada's national science library; the object is how a research library serves researchers.

It studies information-use and collection-development practices in the Canadian scientific research library system.

LIS collection-development study using document-delivery data at CISTI, a Canadian STM research library.

Meta-epidemiological comparison of PROBE versus double-blind trial designs and whether design affects estimated effects; the object is study design and its validity.

The object is whether different clinical trial designs have equivalent validity, which directly studies research methods.

Primary object is clinical-trial design validity (PROBE vs double-blind), i.e. research methods properties.

Article on the ethical issues raised by empirical research methods in software engineering; the object is research conduct and integrity in an empirical research literature.

It directly examines ethical issues in empirical software-engineering research.

Primary object is ethics of empirical software engineering research methods and human-subjects research practice.

Evaluates a workshop preparing graduate students and postdocs for academic careers, with survey data on their readiness and competitiveness for academic positions; the object is the training and careers of the research workforce.

The work evaluates training and career preparation for graduate students and postdocs as members of the research workforce.

Evaluates a workshop training graduate students and postdocs for academic teaching careers; research workforce training and capacity.

Bibliometric analysis of research hotspots in a literature on internet searches in breast cancer; the method is bibliometric and the object is a body of research output, matching the borderline bibliometric case.

The bibliometric analysis studies a research literature and its hotspots, making research output the object rather than merely using bibliometrics.

Bibliometric mapping of research hotspots on internet-search applications in breast cancer; studies a research literature, borderline T2.

Comparative legal analysis of statute-based protections for research participant confidentiality, drawing lessons from US instruments for the Canadian context; the object is how research is governed and regulated in Canada, which is research policy analysis (a reasonable coder could call this core T1).

The paper analyzes legal protections governing research participants and their application to the Canadian research context.

Analyzes statute-based legal protections for research participant confidentiality, comparing US models for Canadian research governance.

Review of the methodological challenges of long-term follow-up studies in critical care: attrition, missing data, lack of standardized outcomes and covariate reporting, and proposed methodological solutions; the object is how this research is done.

It directly examines methodological challenges in conducting long-term critical-care outcome studies.

Review of methodological challenges in conducting and completing long-term critical care outcomes research.

Analytic paper on the use of Canadian census ethnic origin data in health research: how the question is formulated, the conceptual and methodological challenges for data usage, and recommendations for future research.

It examines the definition, linkage, and methodological use of ethnicity data in health research.

Analyzes methods and uses of Canadian ethnic-origin census data as inputs to health research.

Bibliometric co-word analysis of the published literature on risk management and sustainability in insurance; bibliometric method whose object is a research literature and its trends.

It uses bibliometric analysis to study a body of published research, making it adjacent metaresearch.

Bibliometric review maps a research literature on green life insurance; object is publication patterns, borderline domain map.

Methodological reflection on how to conduct multi-jurisdiction comparative leadership research: forming research consortia, designing the study, working with advisory groups; the object is research practice itself.

The primary object is the practice and methods of conducting comparative educational leadership research.

Primary object is methods and pragmatics of conducting comparative educational leadership research across jurisdictions.

Observational study of the social media presence and reach of ophthalmology journals, associations and publications; the object is scholarly and professional dissemination practice.

It studies how ophthalmology journals and professional organizations use social media for scholarly dissemination.

Observational study of ophthalmology journals and associations on social platforms; object is scholarly communication.

Research library association survey of Canadian and international research data management initiatives and the roles open to libraries; LIS and research data infrastructure, with the Canadian landscape as a substantive object.

This report maps Canadian and international research data management initiatives and library roles, making research infrastructure its object.

Landscape report of Canadian and international research data management initiatives and library roles; research infrastructure/LIS with Canada as substantive object.

LIS study of the information behavior and information-seeking barriers of medical doctoral students writing their theses in Burkina Faso.

It studies how medical doctoral students, as researchers, find and use scholarly information.

LIS study of how medical doctoral students seek and access scholarly information for theses, squarely information behaviour of researchers.

Book chapter on the major stages of the development of science in Canada; the object is the Canadian science system itself, though no abstract is available.

The title suggests a historical account of the development of science in Canada, but the abstract is missing.

Title indicates history of science development in Canada (HPS/STS-adjacent study of science as a system); no abstract to confirm framing.

Analyzes the representation of women authors in the Quebec journal Philosophiques over fifty years through the lens of epistemic injustice; the object is authorship and workforce equity in a Canadian scholarly venue.

This examines women’s authorship and representation in a scholarly journal, making scholarly communication and research workforce equity the objects of study.

Analyzes women's underrepresentation as authors in Philosophiques and epistemic injustice in scholarly publishing; equity of the research workforce and a Canadian journal as object.

Dataset of a funder consortium's open access spend, article processing charges, licences and repository compliance; the object is open access publishing and funder compliance.

The dataset studies open-access publishing expenditure and compliance practices.

Dataset of open-access spend and licence/repository compliance for funded papers; scholarly communication is the object.

Philosophy/STS book reconstructing Hountondji's account of modern science in Africa, its entanglement with colonialism and the social organization of scientific knowledge; science as a social system is the object.

The book examines modern science as a social and historical system in relation to colonialism.

Philosophy/STS reconstruction of Hountondji on modern science, colonialism, and science in Africa.

Inventory of the training profiles and research specializations of professors in Quebec faculties of education, documenting shrinking disciplinary diversity and a shift away from the foundations; the object is the composition of an academic research workforce in Canada.

The primary object is the Canadian research workforce, including professors' training, research fields, and specialization patterns.

Inventory of Québec education-faculty professors’ profiles and research specializations; research workforce as object.

Reviews longitudinal, experimental, and genetic study designs and what they enable for advancing gambling knowledge; the object is research methodology and study design, though it is field-oriented.

This explicitly examines research methodologies used to advance knowledge in gambling studies.

Reviews longitudinal, experimental, and genetic methods as tools to advance gambling knowledge; domain methods guidance, not study of research itself.

Critical review of the concepts and measures used in the attachment literature, explicitly flagging insufficiently demonstrated validity and weak empirical rigor; sits on the boundary between domain theory and a critique of measurement practice.

The article evaluates concepts and measurement approaches used in attachment research, making research measurement its primary object.

Domain psychology review of attachment-related constructs and measures; advances developmental theory rather than studying research as practice.

Comparative case study assessing the relative strengths of logic models versus the action model/change model schema as planning and evaluation tools; the object is evaluation methodology, which sits on the boundary between applied evaluation practice and research methods.

This comparative case study evaluates program-evaluation models and their properties as methodological tools.

Compares logic models for planning a learning-community program; program evaluation methods, not evaluation of research.

Briefing note assessing espionage and security threats to Compute Canada's national supercomputing infrastructure; object is the governance of Canadian research infrastructure, though it sits on the T2/T3 boundary as a policy briefing.

The briefing analyzes security risks and responses involving Canadian research supercomputing infrastructure.

Policy briefing on security threats to Canadian research supercomputers, relevant to the research ecosystem but not analytic metaresearch.

Archival history of how political science became a taught discipline in UK universities, tracing chairs, subject associations and curricula; the object is an academic discipline's formation.

It reconstructs the history of political-science teaching and curricula, not research practice.

Historical study of politics as a taught university discipline; adjacent history of the academic field.

Statistics Canada CANSIM table of research and development expenditure by Canadian innovative plants; the object is R&D activity and its funding in Canada, though the record is a repackaged statistical table rather than a study.

The dataset documents Canadian research and development activity as part of the national research system.

Packaged industrial innovation R&D expenditure statistic for manufacturing plants, not a study of research practice.

Tutorial introducing plant scientists to structural equation modeling, reviewing its principles and offering guidelines on when it is appropriate; the oat field trial is an illustrative vehicle and the object is statistical practice in a research community.

Structural equation modeling is used to analyze oat yield, so the method is not the object of study.

Primary aim is introducing SEM as statistical practice for plant scientists, with guidelines on when SEM is appropriate.

Survey of factors behind the use of political tactics in academic promotion among university professors in Venezuela; grounded work on the academic workforce and careers, but framed as organizational behavior.

It studies political tactics in university professors' career advancement, making the academic research workforce the object.

Organizational-politics survey of professors’ promotion tactics; object is workplace behaviour, not research practice or the research workforce as such.

Assesses the content validity of three generic preference-based health-related quality of life instruments for dementia; the object is the measurement instruments that research and evaluation rely on, i.e., a research method and its properties, though a reasonable coder could read this as clinical measurement.

The work evaluates health-related quality-of-life instruments for dementia rather than research practice.

Psychometric content validity of QoL instruments for dementia patients is clinical measurement work, not metaresearch.

Comparison of bioenergetic and behavioural techniques for estimating fish activity; domain measurement validation, not a study of research practice.

The primary object is the comparative performance and robustness of two research methods for estimating fish activity.

Compares measurement approaches for fish activity rates to answer an ecological question, not to study research practice.

No abstract; a higher-education society paper on the mission of the university, which would place the academic institution (and its research mission) as the object, but the title alone cannot settle tier or whether Canadian academia is substantively studied.

The abstract is missing and the title alone does not establish that the work studies research itself.

Title on university mission is higher-education general; abstract missing, so cannot establish research as the object.

Lessons on social impact assessment methods from large dam projects; the object is regulatory assessment practice rather than scholarly research practice, but the methodological framing puts it near the boundary.

The work draws cross-case lessons about social impact assessment methods, monitoring, alternatives, and ethical practice.

Lessons on social impact assessment of large dams; project impact methods, not study of research itself.

Critical analysis of how the psychosocial oncology literature constructs 'teachable moments' and 'post-traumatic growth' in cancer survivorship; an STS/medical-anthropology study of biomedical knowledge and its concepts, though survivorship itself is also an object.

The article analyzes cancer-survivorship discourse and biopolitics, not research practice.

Biopolitical reading of cancer survivorship discourse; object is patienthood and clinical culture, not research practice.

Comparison of two laboratory techniques for counting nematode eggs; this is assay/measurement validation within parasitology, the polysemy trap the rubric flags, not a study of research practice.

The primary object is a comparison of two research measurement methods and their precision, although it is narrowly domain-specific.

Compares laboratory egg-counting techniques in parasitology; domain measurement methods, not research practice as object.

Academic library study of information literacy instruction and assessment: how students find and evaluate sources; LIS work on information behaviour, though the object is student learning rather than researchers.

It evaluates students' information-literacy learning rather than researchers' information behavior.

Student information-literacy pedagogy/assessment at a university, not information behaviour of researchers.

Analysis of Vietnam's higher education quality assurance and accreditation system; the object is educational accreditation and university governance rather than research evaluation, though the two are adjacent.

This study examines Vietnam's higher education accreditation system rather than research evaluation or practice.

Object is higher-education quality assurance and accreditation as evaluation system, including self/external evaluation and quality culture.

No abstract; the book appears to document the formation and trajectory of the contemporary continental philosophy community in Canada through scholars' apprenticeships, which would make Canadian academic careers and a discipline's development the object, but the title alone cannot settle it.

The title suggests a work about philosophy in Canada, but the missing abstract prevents ruling out a study of the research field.

Book on continental philosophy in Canada; intellectual history/philosophy scene, not contemporary research practice as object.

Analysis of student volunteer management in university libraries with proposed recruitment, training, and evaluation strategies; library and information science on an academic library's operations, but far from research practice, so genuinely borderline.

This work addresses volunteer management in university libraries, not researchers' information behavior or research infrastructure.

Management of student volunteers in university libraries; operational library admin, not researcher information behaviour or scholarly communication as object.

Critique of the risk framework the IPCC uses in climate assessments, calling for standardization of the methods used to quantify risk; borderline between assessment methodology and domain climate-risk theory.

It develops a conceptual framework for climate risk rather than studying research practice.

Conceptual paper on IPCC climate-risk frameworks, not metaresearch on how research is done or evaluated.

Piece framed around two siloed research literatures and bridging them; the object may be the scholarly fields themselves, but no abstract is available to confirm.

The article discusses sustainable value chains and circular economy perspectives.

Title on sustainable value chains and circular economy indicates business/supply-chain scholarship, not research as object.

Chapter whose stated purpose is to discuss the diversity of research approaches to walking, comparing objective and subjective analytic traditions; boundary between a methods review and a domain review.

This chapter examines walking and urban design, not research itself.

Urban design chapter on walking as travel mode, not science-of-science.

Text analysis of the readability and linguistic accessibility of digital dementia information, including peer-reviewed research articles, for people with dementia; touches how research is communicated and discovered, but the primary object is consumer health information, so it sits on the boundary.

It studies readability and accessibility of dementia information, not scholarly communication as research practice.

Health literacy readability of dementia info for patients; not research practice or researcher behaviour.

Develops and compares a robust statistical estimator for paired functional data, studying its properties via simulation against an existing method; borderline between statistical-methods research and pure domain statistics.

This develops a statistical model for functional data, not a study of how research is conducted.

Develops a robust statistical model for paired functional data (supernova light curves); domain methods development, not study of research.

Systematic review characterizing all dietary intervention RCTs in cancer by sample size, endpoint choice, and design; the reported findings are about the state of the trial literature, though a clinical conclusion is also drawn.

The systematic review answers a clinical question about dietary interventions in cancer rather than studying synthesis methodology.

Systematic review of dietary RCTs in cancer answers a clinical effectiveness question; uses synthesis method rather than studying the method.

Reflective case study on a students-as-partners co-research project, with recommendations on roles and recognizing student input; commentary touching on how collaborative inquiry is conducted, so contextual at most.

The case study explicitly examines co-researching practices and the challenges of partnership in conducting research.

Case reflection on Students-as-Partners pedagogy for AI literacy teaching, not study of research as an object.

Book critiquing the colonial legacy of psychiatry and how race politics shape psychiatric diagnosis; readable as a social study of a scientific discipline's knowledge (STS-adjacent), but the object is arguably clinical and historical rather than contemporary research practice, so genuinely on the boundary and the blurb is thin.

The book examines race, psychiatry, and public health rather than research as an object.

Historical and political analysis of racial trauma and psychiatry, not study of research systems.

Ethnography that turns substantially into reflexive analysis of ethnographic practice and research ethics under political violence; borderline, since the substantive object remains housing and home.

The ethnography studies residents' feelings and responses to urban renewal and war, not research itself.

Urban ethnography of housing and belonging, not science or research as objects.

Argues for moving from positionality statements to reflexive statements of principle-informed process in global health research outputs; the object is a research reporting and equity practice, but the payload is a single summary-box sentence and it reads as commentary/analysis rather than a study, so the T1/T3 line is genuinely uncertain.

The work examines how positionality and reflexive processes are reported in research outputs.

Normative commentary on positionality statements in research outputs, not an empirical study of research systems.

Foucauldian thesis treating the 'young television viewer' as a discursive formation and object of knowledge, explicitly folding into its problematic the research subfield (communication jeunesse) that the category helped create; that makes it a social study of how a knowledge object and its research field are constituted, but the broader object is social discourse in Chile, so it is genuinely on the STS boundary.

The thesis studies social and discursive constructions of young television viewers rather than research practice.

Discourse analysis of the child television viewer in post-1990 Chile; media studies, not metaresearch.

Archival history of relations between francophone and anglophone psychiatrists in 1950s Montreal; a professional community in the past, not contemporary research practice.

The historical study examines professional and knowledge-making relations among psychiatrists as a scientific community.

Historical study of Francophone–Anglophone psychiatrist relations in 1950s Montreal; professional medical history, not research practice as object.

Piece on large language models in academic writing, which is squarely a scholarly communication and research integrity topic; the abstract is absent and the clinical venue suggests a commentary or correspondence rather than a study, so the T1/T3 assignment cannot be settled from the payload.

The title indicates commentary about academic writing and scholarly communication, but the missing abstract prevents a firmer assessment.

Title unambiguously targets LLMs in academic writing, i.e. scholarly communication and research practice.

Musicological essay that critiques how music-historical writing has framed Joseph Bologne while offering a new historical reading; the historiographic critique frames an object that remains the historical figure, so it sits near the T2 boundary.

This essay reinterprets a historical musician in musicological writing and does not study research itself.

Meta-historiographic essay on how musicology has framed Bologne and Blackness; object is scholarly writing practices, generously adjacent STS/historiography of a field.