The field’s boundary is not a line. It is a region.

Intellectual-history chapter on a Catholic thinker's vision of faith, science and the university; touches the limits of science but is religious intellectual history, not a study of contemporary research practice.

This discusses Catholic intellectuals, faith, science, and the university rather than research practice itself.

Historical-theological discussion of Catholic intellectuals in the modern university, not contemporary research practice.

Cultural history of Parisian catering and Franco-Russian gala banquets; the object is culinary and diplomatic history.

This historical study concerns French catering, diplomacy, and technology rather than research practice.

Cultural history of Franco-Russian diplomatic banquets and catering; not research practice.

Diplomatic history of Louis XVI, the American Congress and Canada; the abstract excerpt is a preface on historical erudition, but the object of the work is eighteenth-century history.

This is a historical study of Louis XVI, the American Congress, and Canada, not research itself.

Eighteenth-century political history of Louis XVI, Congress, and Canada; object is diplomacy, not research.

Biometric analysis of annatto seeds; agronomy.

This study measures plant seed characteristics and does not study research methods.

Biometric measurement of urucum seeds; agronomic domain study, not research methods as object.

Essay on sustainable land planning and citizen participation; the object is planning practice.

The title concerns sustainable territorial planning and citizen participation, with no abstract indicating research as the object.

Sustainable territorial planning and citizen participation is planning/geography, not research practice.

Synthetic chemistry paper on folate-conjugated prodigiosenes; the object is a synthetic route.

The paper develops synthetic routes for folate conjugates rather than studying research practice.

Synthetic organic chemistry of folate-conjugated prodigiosenes.

Review of circadian feeding physiology in ruminants; synthesis of domain findings.

This review concerns feeding and rumination biology in ruminants, not research.

Chronophysiology review of ruminant feeding and rumination patterns.

Assessment of free movement of persons in African economic integration; a policy question in its own domain, not research policy.

This analyzes migration and economic integration policy in Africa, not research practice.

Policy analysis of free movement of persons in African regional integration; not research systems.

Published poems; not research.

This is a literary poem with no focus on research itself.

Literary poetry; not a study of research.

Conference abstract reporting dermatologic endpoints of tofacitinib from two phase 3 trials; a clinical efficacy analysis.

The title identifies a clinical treatment analysis, but the abstract is missing and provides insufficient detail.

Clinical phase-3 dermatologic endpoints for tofacitinib in psoriatic arthritis.

Psychoneuroendocrinology study of subjective versus physiological stress markers.

The dissertation studies subjective and physiological stress in adults rather than research practice.

Psychoneuroendocrine comparison of subjective and physiological stress; domain psychology, not metaresearch.

Theoretical paper on welfare maximization and truthfulness in ordinal mechanism design.

It develops mathematical mechanisms for voting and matching markets, not methods of research.

Theoretical mechanism design and voting/matching markets; computational social choice, not research practice.

Tests a sympatric speciation model in black flies using sex-chromosome data; an evolutionary-biology question.

It tests a biological speciation model in black flies, not research itself.

Evolutionary genetics of black-fly speciation; organismal biology (open-data badge is incidental).

Case study of project-based learning in an online postgraduate teacher-training course; educational pedagogy.

The work evaluates project-based learning in an e-learning course, not research itself.

Case study of project-based learning in an e-learning teacher-training course; educational pedagogy, not metaresearch.

Cross-sectional study of complement markers for diagnosing antibody-mediated kidney rejection; a clinical diagnostic question.

It evaluates diagnostic markers for kidney-transplant rejection, not research itself.

Diagnostic value of complement markers in kidney transplant rejection; clinical nephrology.

Biomechanics of scapholunate joint rotation axes; clinical/anatomical study.

The abstract is missing and the title indicates a clinical biomechanics study rather than research about research.

Orthopaedic biomechanics of scapholunate joint motion; clinical anatomy, not research practice.

Assessment of diagnostic methods for imported malaria; diagnostic accuracy in clinical practice, no abstract available.

The title indicates a clinical review of malaria diagnostic methods, but the missing abstract prevents firmer judgment.

Title points to clinical assessment of malaria diagnostic methods; no abstract, domain medicine not metaresearch.

Evaluation of a goose removal program; wildlife management.

The study evaluates goose-removal effects on an animal population, not research itself.

Wildlife management experiment on suburban Canada goose removals; ecology and pest control.

Evaluates an in vitro rat skin model's ability to predict human dermal absorption; a toxicology assay for a domain question.

It evaluates a skin model for predicting dermal absorption, not research practice.

Toxicology model predicting human dermal absorption; domain method validation, not research-on-research.

Legal argument about burden and standard of proof in election petitions; 'evidence' and 'proof' here are legal, not research, concepts.

The paper analyzes legal standards of proof in election petitions.

Legal analysis of burden of proof in election petitions; electoral law, not research practice.

Protocol for a kidney disease surveillance system built on health records; health surveillance infrastructure, not research infrastructure.

The protocol concerns a chronic-kidney-disease surveillance system and clinical decision support.

Protocol for CKD surveillance using Chinese EHR data is clinical epidemiology infrastructure, not study of research systems.

Case-control clinical study of estradiol and uric acid levels.

The study examines estradiol and uric acid levels in menopausal women.

Clinical association of estradiol and uric acid in women; biomedical physiology.

Essay on regimes of visibility of animal death; the reflexive note about the researcher's own gaze is secondary to an object that is cultural representation, not research practice.

The object is the visibility of animal death in media and cultural practice, not research practice.

Social analysis of visibility regimes around animal death; not about research as object.

Hardware implementation of Barrett modular reduction for elliptic curve cryptography; the object is a circuit design.

The dissertation develops hardware implementations for cryptographic arithmetic rather than studying research.

Hardware implementation of modular reduction for cryptography; computer engineering, not metaresearch.

Critical analysis of response-to-intervention and multi-tiered service delivery in school inclusion; the object is educational service provision for students with disabilities, not research practice, though its critique of evidence-based programs brushes against the boundary.

This critical analysis concerns educational inclusion programs and disability, not the practice of research.

Critical analysis of school inclusion and response-to-intervention programs; object is educational practice, not research.

Review of two books on global financial governance and the IMF; the object is financial governance.

The work is a review of books about global financial governance and development finance.

Book review of global financial governance monographs; political economy commentary, not metaresearch.

Clinical case series on activity levels after periacetabular osteotomy; the object is a surgical outcome.

The study evaluates activity outcomes after hip surgery rather than research itself.

Orthopedic outcomes after periacetabular osteotomy.

Letter commenting on a clinical proof-of-concept echocardiography study; object is a clinical technique.

This letter comments on a clinical echocardiography study rather than studying research.

Clinical letter on preload stress echocardiography as a diagnostic technique, not metaresearch.

Piece in a children's literature journal on Chinese Canadian fathers and sons; the object is literary and cultural representation.

The title suggests a work about Chinese Canadian family or identity themes, but the missing abstract limits certainty.

Children’s literature/identity piece on Chinese Canadian fathers and sons; cultural studies, not research systems.

Analytical chemistry study monitoring a salification process by FT-MIR spectroscopy; the object is a chemical process.

The study monitors a pharmaceutical salification process using spectroscopy.

Pharmaceutical process analytical chemistry of lamivudine salt formation.

Condensed-matter physics study of spin-charge-phonon fluctuations in a pyrochlore antiferromagnet.

It investigates spin-charge-phonon fluctuations in a material, not research itself.

Condensed-matter physics of spin-charge-phonon fluctuations; domain physical science.

Essay on postmodernity, cinema and the end of history; humanities theory.

This analyzes postmodernity and filmic representations of history, not research itself.

Film/cultural theory on postmodernity and history; not research practice.

Systematic review of epidemiological studies on particulate matter exposure and ADHD; uses synthesis to answer an etiological question.

It conducts a systematic review to answer a clinical epidemiological question, not to study evidence synthesis.

Epidemiological systematic review of PM exposure and ADHD; clinical/health question.

Mouse-model transcriptomics of Alzheimer risk genes and microglial response; the object is disease biology.

The study investigates Alzheimer disease biology and genetic risk mechanisms, not research practice.

Biomedical genetics of Alzheimer risk genes and microglial response to pathology.

Materials chemistry paper on core-shell composites for supercapacitors.

The title identifies a materials engineering study, but the abstract is missing.

Materials science title on CoMoO4@CoS supercapacitor composites; domain energy materials.

Computational model of synaptic cleft pH dynamics; a neuroscience question.

The work presents a computational model of synaptic pH dynamics.

Computational model of synaptic cleft pH is neuroscience domain research; empty abstract but title is unambiguous.

French-language literary analysis of a Dany Laferriere essay through a decolonial ethical lens.

It applies an ethical methodology to literary and colonial discourse rather than studying research.

Literary/cultural reading of Laferrière via decolonial ethics; humanities analysis, not research studies.

Case report plus systematic review of a drug's efficacy in a rare syndrome; clinical question.

This systematic review evaluates a treatment for a clinical syndrome rather than evidence synthesis methodology.

Clinical review of eculizumab in catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, not metaresearch.

Cross-sectional study of infant motor development and social vulnerability.

It studies infant motor development and social vulnerability, not research practice.

Cross-sectional study of infant motor development and social vulnerability in Brazil; clinical/public health.

Study of quality of life and memory complaints in Parkinson's patients; the call for validated tools is a clinical instrument note, not metaresearch.

This studies quality of life and memory complaints in Parkinson’s patients, not research itself.

Clinical study linking Parkinson's subjective memory complaints to quality of life; patient outcomes, not research practice.

Review synthesizing evidence on green school buildings; appraises the evidence base but answers a substantive domain question about student performance.

The review synthesizes evidence about green schools and academic performance rather than studying evidence synthesis.

Review linking green-school building factors to student academic outcomes; education environment, not research as object.

Framework for integrated design, simulation and optimization of mechanical products; engineering design.

The dissertation develops an integrated engineering design system.

Integrated design framework for mechanical products; engineering design methods, not metaresearch.

Determination of earthquake epicentres from satellite gravity data; geophysics.

This study develops a geophysical method for locating earthquake epicentres, not a study of research methods.

Geophysical method to locate earthquake epicentres from GRACE gravity data; domain geoscience.

No abstract; meteorological simulation of a squall line; atmospheric science.

The work simulates meteorological conditions associated with a squall line.

Meteorological simulation of a weather event; atmospheric science (no abstract).

A clinical reply to a letter to the editor in pediatric surgery; correspondence on a clinical topic, not research practice.

It is a reply to a letter, a contextual scholarly communication item rather than an analytic study.

Bare reply letter with no abstract or topic text; cannot establish a metaresearch object.

Phase behavior of atmospheric aerosol particles; physical chemistry.

The study investigates atmospheric particle phase behavior rather than research practice.

Atmospheric aerosol phase chemistry; physical science domain object.

French-language study of professional identity and gender-based aggression among skilled trades workers in Quebec; workplace violence outside the research workforce.

It studies workplace identity and aggression in Québec industries, not research itself.

Occupational study of professional identity and workplace aggression in Quebec trades.

Obituary of a scientist; T3 explicitly covers obituaries as contextual ecosystem material.

It is an obituary, a contextual genre rather than a study of research practice.

In memoriam/obituary; ecosystem contextual item, not analytic metaresearch.

Systematic search summarizing COVID surgical guidance to inform care; uses a review to answer a clinical-management question.

This synthesizes clinical guidance on orthopaedic care during COVID-19, not evidence-synthesis methodology.

Review of elective orthopaedic surgery guidance during COVID; clinical care pathways, not research practice.

Survey of pasture water-supply technologies; an agricultural engineering review of technology, not of research.

The object is pasture water-supply technology and its applications, not research.

Technical survey of pasture water-supply systems; literature is used for domain technology, not studied as research.