La frontière du domaine n'est pas une ligne. C'est une région.

Finite element modeling of dielectric response of polyethylene/TiO2 nanocomposites; the object is a material property.

The work develops a finite-element model of nanodielectric materials, not a study of research.

Materials modeling of nanodielectric permittivity; engineering physics, not research studies.

Review of hospital and surgeon volume effects on cystectomy outcomes; health services question about clinical outcomes.

This clinical review concerns surgical centralization and patient outcomes, not research evaluation.

Health-services review of surgical volume–outcome relationships for cystectomy; clinical quality, not research evaluation.

Survey of clinicians on delays in transplant wait-listing; health services question about clinical care.

This studies barriers to kidney-transplant wait-listing, not the research system.

Clinical health-services study of delayed transplant wait-listing in Australia.

Experience report describing an undergraduate software construction and maintenance course; the object is teaching practice and student training for industry, not the research workforce or research practice.

The paper describes a software-engineering course and teaching materials rather than research practice.

Undergraduate software-construction course pedagogy; professional software training, not research workforce.

Conference poster on a bed-based cultivation trial for seed potatoes; agronomy, presented at a colloquium about college research but not about research itself.

This poster reports an agricultural cultivation experiment and does not study research practice.

Conference poster on a potato cultural method for seed export; agricultural technique, not research about research.

Survey of residents' intention to support vulture conservation in Ghana.

It studies attitudes toward vulture conservation in Ghana.

Theory of Planned Behavior survey of vulture conservation intentions is conservation social science.

No abstract; Delphi consensus statement on clinical management of early hepatocellular carcinoma.

The work concerns clinical management of early hepatocellular carcinoma.

Delphi consensus on clinical management of early HCC; method used for care guidance, clinical object (no abstract).

Hardware architecture for convolutional neural network acceleration.

The paper develops a neural-network hardware accelerator rather than studying research practice.

Hardware architecture for CNN acceleration, computer engineering domain work.

No abstract; a psychometric validity and reliability study of a scale in older adults, which produces a measurement instrument for a domain rather than studying research practice, but 'validation' here sits on the boundary.

The title indicates validation of a scale applied to elderly individuals, not study of research practice.

Psychometric validity of a clinical/social scale for elderly people; domain instrument validation, empty abstract.

Amateur astronomy observing note on Orion HII regions; a domain observation piece.

The title indicates an astronomical study of an HII region, but the abstract is missing.

Astronomy note on HII regions in Orion; title alone is unambiguous domain science.

Clinical study of the relationship between stress and kidney stone-related quality of life.

It studies stress and quality of life among kidney-stone patients, not research itself.

Clinical study of stress and kidney stone quality of life, not research methods or systems.

Engineering study of temperature-dependent property effects on deep coaxial borehole heat exchanger output; a geothermal energy question.

The title indicates an engineering performance study, but the abstract is missing.

Geothermal engineering of temperature-dependent properties in deep coaxial borehole heat exchangers.

Absorption spectroscopy of polythiophene film microstructure; materials physics.

The work studies polymer film structure and spectroscopy rather than research methods.

Materials physics of polythiophene film microstructure; domain science, not metaresearch.

No abstract; chemistry book chapter on phosphorus-containing polymers.

This book chapter concerns phosphorus-containing polymers and not research itself.

Title unambiguously denotes polymer chemistry; empty abstract does not suggest metaresearch.

Meta-analysis of factors associated with renal involvement in Sjogren's syndrome; synthesis used to answer a clinical question.

It uses meta-analysis to answer a clinical question about Sjögren's syndrome, not to study synthesis methods.

Clinical meta-analysis of renal involvement factors in primary Sjögren syndrome.

Qualitative study of farmers' willingness to adopt agroforestry in Ghana.

This examines Ghanaian farmers' agroforestry adoption perspectives, not research practice.

Farmer adoption of cocoa agroforestry in Ghana; agricultural development study.

Proposed information architecture for the BC tree fruit industry; agricultural business infrastructure, not research infrastructure.

The paper designs an agricultural information architecture for growers rather than studying research infrastructure.

Proposed information architecture for BC tree-fruit industry precision agriculture; grower industry systems, not research infrastructure as object of study.

Petroleum engineering dissertation on toe-to-heel air injection for heavy oil recovery.

It analyzes an oil-recovery process and its operational data, not research practice.

Petroleum engineering thesis on toe-to-heel air injection for heavy oil.

Empirical industrial organization study of spatial competition in gasoline retail.

The paper studies gasoline-market competition and mergers rather than research practice.

Industrial-organization economics of gasoline markets and mergers, not research evaluation.

Psychometric validation of a concussion knowledge instrument; domain measurement validation rather than a study of research practice.

It evaluates the validity and reliability of a concussion knowledge instrument, not research methods themselves.

Psychometric validation of a clinical concussion-knowledge tool for chiropractors, not research methods.

Socio-legal study of child protection interventions and Indigenous families; the object is child welfare, not research.

The article studies Indigenous child-protection interventions and legal processes.

Legal/social analysis of Indigenous child-protection removals, not the research system.

Economics paper on determinants of foreign direct investment locations for multinationals in the wine industry.

It studies foreign investment determinants in the wine industry, not research practice.

Business study of MNE location determinants in the wine industry.

Qualitative study of end-of-life cancer care in Iran.

This is a qualitative study of end-of-life cancer care in Iran, not research itself.

Content analysis of end-of-life cancer care delivery in Iran; clinical/health services domain.

Wireless communications paper on reconfigurable intelligent surface-assisted sparse code multiple access.

It proposes a wireless-communication scheme and evaluates its performance, not research practice.

Wireless communications design for RIS-assisted SCMA; domain engineering, not metaresearch.

Sympathetic neurovascular transduction in sleep apnea; clinical physiology.

The title describes a clinical association involving sleep apnea, not research itself.

Clinical physiology of obstructive sleep apnea; title unambiguously medical domain research.

Case study of a COVID-19 wellness box intervention in Indigenous communities; it invokes community-based participatory research principles as framing, but the object is the intervention.

This describes a wellness-box intervention for Indigenous communities rather than studying research itself.

Case study of Indigenous community wellness boxes during COVID; public health intervention, not research as object.

No abstract; study of dentists' radiograph prescribing practices, i.e. clinical practice patterns rather than research practice.

The abstract is missing and the title indicates a study of dental practice rather than research practice.

Survey of dentists’ radiograph prescription practices in clinical care, not a study of research practice.

Qualitative evaluation of a WhatsApp community of practice supporting mental health providers' critical thinking in a conflict zone; the object is professional continuing education, not research practice.

The study evaluates a WhatsApp learning forum for mental-health providers rather than research practice.

Evaluation of a WhatsApp community of practice for mental-health providers’ skills; clinical training, not research workforce.

Validity and reliability study of a physical activity monitor device in older adults; instrument validation for a clinical measure, not research methodology.

It validates a physical-activity monitor for health measurement rather than studying research methods.

Instrument validity/reliability of a fitness monitor is assay-style measurement validation, not study of research methods.

Association of human milk fatty acids with infant allergy; a clinical epidemiology question.

The study examines infant allergic conditions and human milk fatty acids rather than research itself.

Epidemiology of human-milk fatty acids and infant allergy; clinical nutrition cohort study.

Case report of rapid methadone and slow-release morphine titration in a pregnant fentanyl user; a clinical management report.

The case report concerns treatment of opioid use disorder during pregnancy, not research itself.

Clinical case report of methadone and SROM titration in a pregnant fentanyl user.

Review of gut microbiota mechanisms in anxiety and depression; domain biology.

The review concerns gut microbiome mechanisms in anxiety and depression.

Review of gut microbiota species and anxiety/depression; biomedical object.

School librarianship paper on using international literature to build global citizenship in pupils; concerns school library pedagogy, not researchers' information behaviour.

The paper analyzes translated literature and youth agency in educational contexts.

School-library/global citizenship education via translated youth literature, not researcher information behaviour.

Dissertation on Bayesian disease mapping of Ontario lung cancer mortality; abstract is missing, and the title reads as applied epidemiology rather than research-on-research.

The title concerns mapping lung cancer mortality with Bayesian models, while the abstract is insufficient to add detail.

Uses Bayesian hierarchical models to map lung-cancer mortality; method-as-tool for epidemiology, not study of the method.

Comparative physiology study of mitochondrial volume density and thermal tolerance in stickleback.

It studies stickleback physiology and adaptive divergence rather than research itself.

Title-only stickleback thermal physiology paper; domain evolutionary biology.

Systematic review used to answer a clinical question about osteoarthritis progression after osteotomy.

This systematic review answers a clinical question about osteoarthritis progression rather than studying evidence synthesis methods.

Clinical systematic review answering a surgical/OA outcomes question; uses synthesis method rather than studying it.

Epidemiological analysis of the collapse in influenza positivity after COVID-19 mitigation in Hamilton; a Canadian setting but the object is viral epidemiology, not the research system.

The study examines influenza incidence after public health interventions, not the conduct of research.

Epidemiology of influenza under COVID-19 public health measures; studies disease incidence, not research practice.

Lexicographic analysis of the senses of a Breton word; linguistics (word polysemy, not the metaresearch sense).

It analyzes lexical polysemy in Breton, not research itself.

Lexical semantics of a Breton polysemous word for dictionary description; linguistics domain.

Ten-year clinical outcomes of drug-eluting stents in a randomized trial subgroup analysis.

It compares long-term clinical outcomes of coronary stents.

Ten-year clinical stent outcomes in CAD with/without diabetes is clinical evaluation, not research-as-object.

Experiment on gendered messaging and perceptions of veterinary careers; the object is a clinical profession's workforce, not the research workforce.

The study examines gendered perceptions of veterinary careers rather than the research workforce or research practice.

Gendered messaging and career perceptions in veterinary medicine concerns a clinical profession, not research careers or science practice.

Legal-policy thesis recommending a comprehensive Canadian space law; concerns regulation of commercial space activity, not the Canadian research system.

The object is Canadian space regulation and law rather than the Canadian research system.

Legal analysis of Canadian commercial space regulation, not the Canadian research system.

Systematic review and meta-analysis used to answer an etiological question about smoking and orofacial clefts; uses a synthesis method rather than studying one.

This systematic review answers a clinical etiological question rather than studying evidence synthesis methodology.

Uses systematic review and meta-analysis to answer a clinical etiology question; method used, method not studied.

Chapter of a Canadian geometric road design guide; an engineering standards document about roads, not research.

It is a road-design guide concerned with engineering practice, not research practice.

Chapter of a Canadian road geometric design guide; engineering standard, not the research system.

Survey of clergy adopting online ministry during COVID; sociology of religion.

The study examines clergy and online ministries during COVID-19 rather than research.

Sociology of religion on clergy online ministries during COVID in Ireland; not about research practice.

Describes how a multi-partner collaborative research process produced a toolkit for the medical examination of francophone newcomers; the deliverable and object are a clinical practice resource, though the paper is framed as an example of collaborative research process, which puts it near the boundary.

The work describes development of a healthcare toolkit, using collaborative research without studying research itself.

Development of a clinical toolkit for medical exams of Francophone newcomers; healthcare practice tool, not research methods.

X-ray astronomy analysis of outbursts from a Galactic black hole candidate; the object is an astrophysical source.

This study analyzes black hole outbursts using astronomical observations, not research itself.

Astrophysics of black-hole candidate outbursts; domain physical science.

Accounting experiment on opportunistic managerial reporting; 'reporting' is budget reporting by managers, not research reporting.

The experiment studies managerial reporting behavior, not research practice.

Accounting experiment on managerial budget reporting and honesty; reporting here is business reporting, not research reporting.

Comparative rodent physiology of cardiac hypertrophy.

It experimentally studies cardiac metabolism in rodents, not research practice.

Comparative cardiac metabolism of hypertrophied rodent hearts; biomedical physiology.

Proteome wide screening for vaccine candidates; the object is bacterial immunogenicity.

The work predicts vaccine candidates for Haemophilus influenzae rather than studying research practice.

In silico vaccine-candidate discovery for H. influenzae is biomedical domain science using methods, not studying methods.

Legal analysis of the treaty regime for marine genetic resources beyond national jurisdiction; environmental governance, not research governance.

The article analyzes international marine-resource governance rather than the research system.

International law analysis of marine genetic resources beyond national jurisdiction, not research practice.